Running full-fledged OS on Android. Relocation of the soul: linux on android tablet

Hello dear readers of the best mobile portal site! In this article, I will tell you about running full-fledged operating systems on Android. Today, we will talk about two operating systems - Windows XP and Linux. So let's get down to business.

LINUX

Let's start with an easier tutorial - running Linux on Android. First, I will warn you that for this method need ROOT rights. Also, if you are using a smartphone on android base 5.0 Lollipop, Android 6.0 Marshmallow or later, you need a custom kernel. This article uses a Nexus 5 with the "ElementalX" kernel installed. So let's get started.

Instructions:
1. First, you need to download and install the BusyBox program, which provides most of the standard Unix tools.

2. Next, download and install the Linux Deploy program, this is the main component and without it we will not succeed, since it downloads the distribution kit from the official mirror, creates a disk image on microSD card, mounts it and installs the distribution operating system.
3. With the Linux Deploy application open, go to the configuration panel. Here, we choose which distribution you want to use. This tutorial will use the default Debian distribution in the LXDE environment.

4. Having selected the distribution kit, click on the install button. Installation takes about 30 minutes.
5. Upon completion of the installation, the application will launch the Linux environment and configure the working environment itself, which includes the base system, SSH server, VNC server and the graphical environment that we selected earlier. Also, you can configure SSH and VNC servers through the program.
6. You can connect via SSH or VNC, I use VNC server, but you can use whatever you want.
7. If you connected via an SSH server, enter port "22" and the default password "changeme".
8. If you, like me, want to connect via a VNC server, download the VNC program, run it and enter the address “localhost: 5900” in the field, the default password is the same as that of the SSH server - “changeme”.

9. Rejoice in the running Linux distribution!

Windows XP

Now, about the more difficult - windows startup XP on Android. How can you tell? The answer is simple - Bochs. It is with this application that we will emulate Windows XP. Bochs is a program that emulates x86-based operating systems, it was created to emulate operating systems such as Windows DOS, Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98. But today we will try a more difficult task. It is important to note that Windows XP will be very, very slow, and there will be no internet connection, so if you have patience and are not interested in the problems that may arise, go ahead! So, let's begin.

What do you need:
1.Windows XP ISO file
2. Qemu Manager for PC
3.
4. Bochs SDL
5. Blank Disk Image

Instructions:
1. Open Qemu Manager for PC and create a new virtual machine. Call it whatever you want, in this case the name will be "XP".

2. Enter how much RAM you want to allocate for the virtual machine, this step is only for the PC, it will not affect the Android device in any way. Select the option "do not use virtual disk". Click "next".

3. The next step, you need to go to the drivers tab and select " hDD 0 ". Next, select the path to the previously downloaded Blank Disk Image.

5. Finally, after completing all the steps, select the green button in the upper left corner to start the virtual machine. From now on, just install Windows XP on the virtual machine as you would on a simple PC.

6. After the installation is complete, unzip the Bochs SDL .zip file. Move "Blank Disk Image" to the SDL folder. Rename the "Blank Disk Image" file to "c".

8. Download and install the Bochs app on Android. Next, open it. The application itself must detect the presence of Windows XP and start it. Remember, this is very, very slow!

To boot to the operating room desktop windows systems XP, you need to wait at least 10 minutes.

9. Rejoice running Windows XP!

That's all. Thank you all for your attention!

Today, two operating systems occupy the leading niches in the mobile segment - iOS and Android. Many manufacturers are closely engaged in the creation of their own mobile systems. Some attempts have been successful. They have resulted in at best a few devices that have never been successful in the market. Ubuntu Touch was announced in 2013.

The phones are equipped with a mobile version of the Linux system - Ubuntu Touch.

She had some interest from users. Ubuntu Touch, which can be installed on a smartphone today, offers the user more than just a new interface. It will be of interest to enthusiasts and all Linux fans. And just for those who are tired of the monotony of mobile platforms.

The Ubuntu Touch mobile platform appeared 4 years ago. She gained quite wide fame - this was facilitated by the well-known table "mother" of the new mobile system... But Ubuntu did not become a popular version for the phone. The reason for this was low stability, a large number of bugs. Devices running this OS often rebooted, and the shell did not represent the top of the design idea.

The press has returned to the topic of this operating system many times. Rumors circulated very different - both about the freezing of the platform, and about the complete cessation of work on it. You can't believe all of them, but as a fact - Ubuntu Touch appears on smartphones quite rarely. AT recent times information about significant platform updates comes out and this gives all fans of the mobile OS hope that Canonical has not forgotten about a promising product.

As part of the project mobile version Ubuntu has two separate global versions - for smartphones and for tablets. They are named respectively - Phone and Tablet. They practically do not differ for the end user, and the differences are aimed, rather, at supporting the hardware platform.

Key Features

The desktop version of the OS uses the Unity graphical interface, which is beloved by non-professional Linux users. In the mobile phone, the manufacturer slightly moved away from it - only the side and top panels remained unchanged.

All basic actions in the new OS are performed by gestures. Let's say if you swipe between the edges of the screen, the multitasking menu appears on it. For Android users, this solution will be somewhat inconvenient, but innovative and unusual.

In addition, there is a Terminal on your smartphone in Ubuntu! This is still an incomplete version of it, and it is still far from the functionality of the desktop. However, some functions are still there, but the tricks work.

How to install Ubuntu on Android?

To install Ubuntu on your phone instead of Android, you need to have basic Android skills. The installation will not remove your "native" system, it will be done over the existing distribution.

IMPORTANT. All actions you perform at your own peril and risk.

  1. An Android application is required - Linux Deploy. You can find it in the Play Market.
  2. Launch the program and examine the help menu on the screen. You should see a suggested course of action.
  3. If necessary, go to "Settings" and select the Russian interface language.
  4. Create new profile for account Linux. To do this, in the main screen of the program, click on the line "Linux". It is located at the top.
  5. Click the OK button. It remains only to select the desired profile.
  6. And now you need File manager... Your best bet is to use ES Explorer. Open it up. In the root directory, create an Ubuntu folder. It is very important to write the name on english language... Installation of OS files will be performed in this folder.
  7. Make a note of the folder path in a separate location. It will still come in handy.
  8. Run Linux Deploy again. In the options select "Distribution" - "Ubuntu". After that, the Ubuntu download on the smartphone should begin.
  9. When the installation is complete, click on the "Start" button. You will see service messages. They say that the OS deployment process is underway.
  10. Download and install the VNCViewer app. You will need it to get additional data. The default account password is changeme.
  11. That's all! You now have a fully functional copy of Ubuntu installed on your smartphone or tablet!

Installing Ubuntu Phone

We examined the installation of a full-fledged Ubuntu on mobile device. Installing Ubuntu Mobile to smartphone is an easier task. It can be run from the desktop version of this operating system.

As part of this article, we will explain in detail how to install Linux to your Android device. To install and fully operate the alternative system, you will need: a smartphone or tablet, a software emulator, root rights, and several gigabytes of free space.

1. Installation annexes complete linux installer

We enter the word “emulator” into the Google Play search menu and get a list of several dozen roughly the same utilities. They are all good, but we focused on the Complete Linux Installer app. It is completely free, perfectly localized and provided with detailed instructions for beginners.

The program can be downloaded from http://goo.gl/5C6Xa. The installation algorithm Complete Linux Installer is no different than installing any other software, therefore, we will not dwell on this moment.

2. Working with the Complete Linux Installer application

Before starting to work with the program, I would like to emphasize again: what we are describing in this article is not installing Linux instead of Android, and emulation of the work of one system in another.

So, we launch the application and agree to the installation of additional software components. It is the work with these modules that will subsequently greatly facilitate the use of the operating room. linux systems.

As mentioned earlier, Complete Linux Installer requires root privileges for full functioning, which the application will remind you of in a pop-up window. We provide the program full access to the system functions of the mobile device.

This completes the initial preparation of the emulator for work. The main menu of the application will open in front of you. We pass to the sub-item “Installation Guide”.

The emulator will scan your gadget's hardware and give you a list of operating systems that are guaranteed to run on your mobile device. Let's take Ubuntu 13.10 as an example.

From this moment, the program begins to "guide" you through the stages of installing the operating system, accompanying each necessary action with detailed instructions. For example, after reviewing the requirements of the emulator in the first step, be sure to install "Terminal" and "VNCViewer" in the second. Only after that select the item “Download image”.

Read the description of the differences between Linux distributions and choose the one you need.

Create at the root external storage gadget folder with the name of the future system. This will greatly simplify the search for the program. required files... In our case we are creating the “ubuntu” directory. Unpack the downloaded archive into this folder.

As a result, two files should appear in the “ubuntu” directory. One of them is with the .img extension. This is the image of the running Linux system.

After completing the above steps, go to the “Run” sub-item of the Complete Linux Installer main menu and click the “Settings” auxiliary menu in the upper right corner of the window. By selecting the "Change" option, give the application the full path to the system executable file. Confirm your choice by clicking on the “Save changes” button.

This completes the next stage of installing an alternative operating system into the memory of your gadget. Feel free to choose the "Start Linux" option.

The application in the background will launch the terminal to execute test commands and request root access for it to the system functions of the device. We allow.

Now your smartphone or tablet will be able to work as an emulator of the Linux operating system and you will have access to all the features of the operating system with a penguin on the logo - from executing the simplest commands in the terminal to installing a full-fledged graphical environment. Linux installation on Android is complete.

Many owners of Android backgrounds have difficulty running real Linux software on their devices. By all laws, it seems to work here, but for some reason, you need root rights to install it, it itself is distributed in some self-made installers, and the choice of programs is very limited. This article will offer an answer to the question of why this happened, and suggest a solution - convenient way installing and running almost any Linux software on Android.

Linux or not Linux?

As you know, android is based on the Linux kernel and includes a set of standard libraries and utilities command linetypical of a regular Linux distribution. However, launching classic Linux software is very difficult here due to many reasons, including ABI incompatibility, lack of a package manager, its own security system, and the absence of many components of a standard Linux system.

So, despite the presence in Android standard libc libraries and others, their implementation is in most cases incompatible with libraries from the GNU project and is greatly reduced in functionality. For this reason, Linux software must at least be rebuilt specifically for Android and ARM processor, and in many cases also patch, adding functionality that is not available in the libraries.

BotBrew: list of supported devices

BotBrew has been tested on the following devices: Barnes & Noble NOOK Color, LG P970 Optimus Black, Huawei Ascend M860, HTC Desire, HTC Evo 4G, HTC Evo 3D, HTC Inspire 4G, HTC Droid Eris, HTC Hero, Samsung Galaxy Nexus, Samsung Galaxy S2 (GT-I9100), Samsung Galaxy Y (GT-S5360), Motorola Atrix 4G, Motorola Droid / Milestone, Sony Ericsson Xperia X8, Asus EeePad Transformer TF101.

System android securitycutting applications in full privileges and not allowing them to go beyond own directoryalso seriously interferes with standard Linux software. Therefore, it is often required to obtain root rights, which remove these restrictions. The lack of a package manager that allows you to install regular Linux software, not just Java applications, forces developers to write applications that are only needed to install other applications. This is how all these custom installers come about.

Well, to complete the picture, Android simply does not have many standard Linux components, including, for example, even such integral ones as the X Window graphics stack or the GTK + library. Some attempts to bring all this here, of course, are being made, but the matter does not move beyond semi-working alpha versions.

Nevertheless, the ability to transfer the functionality of a full-fledged Linux system to Android is too tempting idea so that enthusiasts do not try to solve the problems that arise in the process and give us a complete one-stop solution... The most obvious and easiest way is to run a "virtualized" version of a full-fledged Linux distribution, which we have already written in detail about. This method is interesting, but suffers from the problem of dividing the system into two areas, each of which works independently of the other.

The BotBrew project looks much more interesting - within its framework, a package manager and repository that is quite common for Linux systems is being developed, with which you can install Linux software in a separate directory inside Android. Also, at one time, many different scripts were invented that make it easy and without unnecessary problems to collect Linux software suitable for work inside Android on a big brother. The rest of the article will focus on these two projects.

BotBrew

The BotBrew project aims to solve many of the problems a user may have with installing Linux software, and to prepare the Android system for accepting foreign applications. Basically, the system consists of four components:
  • repository with precompiled Android applications, using which you can install many Linux applications with a single command;
  • a package manager, which is the lightweight Opkg or dpkg along with apt-get in the experimental version of BotBrew Bazil;
  • the runit process manager, which is required to properly start and maintain the daemons, if installed;
  • a proprietary build system that contains all the tools needed to cross-compile applications using any desktop Linux distribution.
To work, this miracle of programming thought requires nothing at all: root rights and a little free space in the internal memory of the smartphone or on a memory card. Moreover, the first option is preferable, since in the case of SD, the files will be dumped onto a virtual disk, work with which is not supported by all kernels.


Initial initialization

Currently, the classic version of BotBrew, which uses its own repository, allows you to install software such as dcron, GCC, Git, dropbear SSH server, Lynx console browser, Nmap security scanner, rsync backup tool, Vim editor, lighttpd web server, scripting languages Python and Ruby, as well as several dozen other packages. All this is installed, by the way, in a dedicated directory in the internal memory of the smartphone / tablet and does not litter the main system in any way. In other words, you can get rid of BotBrew and everything you've installed by simply deleting one directory.

We put the software

So how do you use BotBrew to install Linux software? First, we need a package with the program itself. It is on Google Play (note that you need BotBrew root, not experimental Bazil) and weighs less than a megabyte. After installation, launch and click the "Proceed" button at the bottom of the screen so that the software downloads all the components necessary for its operation, such as the console package manager, and other utilities (in Debian Linux terms - bootstrap). They weigh only a few megabytes, so you won't have to wait long. When the installation is complete, BotBrew will display a window with the official website of the project, which you can safely close.

Now on the screen you should see a list of packages available for installation. There are quite a few of them, but you will not find graphic applications among them for the reasons described above. But there are various servers, compilers and interpreters, so everyone who wants to seriously "play" with a smartphone will have a place to turn around. To install a package, just tap on its name and on the next screen containing information about the application, click the "Install" button.

Dancing with tambourines

If you run into problems while bootstrap BotBrew, you can try installing it manually with the following command:

Wget http://repo.botbrew.com/anise/bootstrap/install.sh -O - | su
If this does not help, you can try to remove all installations ("Remove BotBrew" in the settings) and then try running this command.

After that, the package will appear on the "Installed" tab, but you will not see any "Run" button or something similar. The application will have to be launched independently from the console, which, however, is logical. The application itself is installed inside the directory structure / data / botbrew, in which the real environment of the Linux distribution is "emulated" with the directories / etc, / usr and others. And in order not to torment users with the need to type the full path to the team, the BotBrew developers have provided a wrapper team of the same name. To use it to launch, for example, the installed Lynx console browser, you should type the following command:

$ botbrew lynx http://xakep.ru
Alternatively, the / data / botbrew / bin directory can be added to the PATH environment variable, but this will have to be done after each terminal launch:

$ export PATH \u003d "$ PATH: / data / botbrew / bin"
By the way, things are much better with daemons and various network services. After starting, the daemons will be launched immediately, and you can control their activation through the graphical interface, accessible by clicking on the "Play" button at the bottom of the BotBrew interface. Some applications may require creating additional users and changing their parameters, this can be done in the same way as in a regular Linux system:

  1. User creation:
    $ botbrew adduser vasya
  2. Opening Internet access to the user:
    $ botbrew addgroup vasya inet
  3. Switching BotBrew to a different user:
    $ botbrew su vasya
Please note that all these changes will only affect the BotBrew virtual environment and will not affect the main system in any way. The console can also be used to install applications bypassing the graphical interface. To do this, use the Opkg console package manager, whose command syntax is fully compatible with apt-get:

$ botbrew opkg install dropbear
Reverse operation:

$ botbrew opkg remove dropbear
To stay "on the cutting edge" of progress, the BotBrew repository needs to be updated from time to time by clicking on the appropriate button in the graphical interface (it cannot be confused with anything). New versions of packages will be displayed in the "Upgradable" tab. It is enough to tap on his name and click "Upgrade".

Botbrew basil

There is also an app called BotBrew Basil on the market that is marked experimental. In fact, this is still the same BotBrew, but with one very important difference. Instead of its own repos and the Opkg package manager, it uses the Debian Linux ARM repos and the apt-get package manager. This means that the amount of software that can be installed using the "Brazilian version" of the application is much larger. Ten times more.

In addition to using Debian repositories, Basil also has a slightly modified interface. For example, immediately after launch, it prompts you to select an installation directory. By default, / data / botbrew-basil is used, which, in my opinion, is quite logical, but you can choose any other, including on the ext2 partition of the memory card (FAT will not work).

The second important difference is the ability to choose how to use the application, which appears immediately after clicking "Proceed". There are four options:

  1. Use BotBrew on the command line is essentially an analogue of a regular BotBrew-style installation.
  2. Use the dpkg / APT system - install along with apt-get and Debian repositories. Recommended installation option.
  3. Run Python programs is analogous to the first option with automatic Python installation.
  4. Install a minimal Debian is a minimalistic Debian installation.
Let me explain the second and fourth points. The first BotBrew and the first item on this list do nothing more than install a minimalistic Linux system (consisting of just a few commands and libraries), inside which Linux software is launched. However, apt-get, unlike the minimalistic Opkg, requires a more or less complete Linux installation. Therefore, choosing the second item, you will get a kind of micro-Linux on your smartphone. And if we can install a microversion, why not install a more or less complete distribution kit. For this, there is a fourth point.

After bootstrap BotBrew Basil, the same interface for managing application installation, familiar to us from the classic version of the application, will appear on the screen, and the botbrew2 command will appear in the system, with which you can run the software. There are no significant differences in management here, except perhaps the apt-get command instead of opkg and the ability to connect additional repositories (including the repository of the first BotBrew) directly through the application installation interface.

We take matters into our own hands

Precompiled apps and pre-packaged repositories are great, but what if the required app is not available for installation? After all, even the same BotBrew Basil, which allows you to connect Debian repositories with a huge amount of software, due to its experimental nature, will not work on every smartphone.

In this case, we can try to build the application ourselves. However, several difficulties await us at once: the fact is that to build software for a smartphone, you will have to prepare the necessary cross-compilation tools, then take into account all the dependencies of the application being built, and, finally, in some cases, make the necessary changes to the code. These are all pretty troublesome things that are hardly worth the time.

Nevertheless, we can use the best practices of other people to automate the process of building software. One of the more advanced and interesting solutions in this area is the SCRIPTSET script set, developed by user smitna with XDA Developers. It allows literally a couple of teams to collect many of the most different applicationsincluding htop, ImageMagick, iptables, ELinks, Screen, mc, node.js, Samba, strace, QEMU, Parted, SANE (it can be used to print directly to a printer from a phone!) and many others. The script itself will download the cross-compiler, all the necessary dependencies and applications, apply patches where necessary, and generate an archive ready for unpacking on the phone.

SCRIPTSET only works on Linux, but if you have Windows you can install Ubuntu in a virtual machine. Next, open a terminal and install the tools necessary for building the cross-compiler:

$ sudo apt-get install build-essential cmake autoconf2.13 scons
After that, you can get the SCRIPTSET itself and unpack it:

$ cd ~ $ wget http://goo.gl/zvnom -O scriptset-2.6.zip $ unzip scriptset-2.6.zip
As a result of unpacking, we get ... one more archive: scriptset-2.6.tar.bz2. But that's not all, the archive is packed without the traditional root directory for tar, so you need to create it yourself. And already in it to unpack:

$ mkdir scriptset $ cd scriptset $ tar -xjf ../scriptset-2.6.tar.bz2

After unpacking, the directory will contain several scripts, configs, and an impressive README file containing instructions for using the scripts. There is no execution bit on the scripts (which is not surprising, given the previous troubles), so you need to install it yourself:

$ chmod 755 * .sh

# vi ~ / scriptset / configuration.conf // Directory for installing applications on a smartphone TARGET_SYSROOT \u003d "/ data / sysroot" // Target processor TARGET_MARCH \u003d "armv7-a" TARGET_MTUNE \u003d "cortex-a9" TARGET_MFPU \u003d "neon" TARAT \u003d "MFLO softfp "

This will be enough for the correct assembly of any application; the target processor will be a standard ARMv7 with the optional NEON instruction set. This is installed in any smartphone released in the last three to four years. The / data / sysroot directory will be used to install applications on the smartphone, however, oddly enough, it will also have to be created on the desktop machine:

$ sudo mkdir -p / data / sysroot $ sudo chown user: users / data / sysroot $ sudo chmod 777 / data / sysroot
As the author of the scripts explains, this action is necessary because the paths for key directories in some applications are embedded at the build stage. Therefore, if we were to build the application using the current and any other directory as the root, it simply would not work on the smartphone due to the difference in paths. I am sure that it would be more correct to solve this problem using chroot, but it is easier and faster to create the necessary directory, and after the work is finished, delete it.

Next, we must indicate the list of applications that we plan to collect. To do this, open the package_selection.conf file and change no to yes in the required options. For example, to build bash, ImageMagick and Screen, you need to change the following three lines:

# vi ~ / scriptset / package_selection.conf BASH \u003d yes IMAGEMAGICK \u003d yes SCREEN \u003d yes
Note that the settings between the # ALWAYS NEEDED lines cannot be changed. These applications and libraries are always needed, and without them other applications simply cannot be built. Now you can compile your applications. To do this, just run the build.sh script without arguments:

$ ./build.sh
If all the necessary packages were installed and the compiler did not generate any errors during the build, the build will result in two archives in the current directory: cs-sysroot.tar.bz2 and android-mysysroot.tar.bz2. The first is the environment required to run the applications, created by the cross-compiler, and the second is the suite of applications itself. Both of these archives must be dropped onto the smartphone's memory card, and then, by running a terminal emulator on it or connecting via ADB, execute two commands:

$ tar xjf /sdcard/cs-sysroot.tar.bz2 $ tar xjf /sdcard/android-mysysroot.tar.bz2
As a result, the directory / data / sysroot will appear in the internal memory of the smartphone, in which applications will be placed. They should be run from the same terminal, specifying the full path. For instance:

$ / data / sysroot / usr / bin / bash
Well, or after starting the terminal, add / data / sysroot / usr / bin to PATH:

$ export PATH \u003d "$ PATH: / data / sysroot / usr / bin"

conclusions

Despite the rather significant differences between Android and a typical Linux distribution, installing Linux console applications on a smartphone is not that difficult. Sorry about graphics applications There is no talk yet, but projects for porting the Qt library and the Wayland graphical server to Android already exist, and soon, I hope, we will get a working solution.


First published in Hacker magazine 08/2013.

Detailed instructions for converting any device that works under android, into a full-fledged Linux-based computer.

Running Linux on Android is possible! And you don't need a rooted device for this: all the software you need is available in the official Google Play store. In just 10-15 minutes you can get an operating system that differs from Android in advanced functionality.

Note: if you follow our instructions, the Linux OS will run in a virtual environment. Android will continue to run in the background. It would be wrong to call such a system complete. Nevertheless, she copes well with the list of standard tasks.

Close all before installing unnecessary applications and clear rAM Android device.

1. Install GNURoot Debian and XServer XSDL from google play store.

2. Before starting Linux installation, make sure your device is connected to a stable wi-Fi networks... Start GNURoot. The download of the required environment packages will begin.

Installation takes from 30 seconds to several minutes, depending on the speed of your Internet connection. Ignore the creeping lines until the following text appears:

[email protected]:/#

Let this line not scare those familiar with the concept of "root-rights": the application will not cause any harm to the device, since it works in the "sandbox".

3. Enter the following command:

apt-get update

Wait for the packages to download. This will be indicated by the line Reading package lists… Done.

4. Now enter one more line:

apt-get upgrade

To the question "Do you want to continue?" enter english letter Y and press Enter. The installation of the packages will begin.

This time, the installation procedure will take a little longer. Wait patiently for the end of the installation until the coveted line appears:

[email protected]:/#

The Debian Linux environment is installed, and now you can proceed to deploy the graphical shell.

5. Installing all packages linux distribution is executed by the following command:

apt-get install lxde

There is also an option to install the system kernel using the line:

apt-get install lxde-core

Confirm the installation by retyping Y and pressing the Enter key. The package download procedure will begin.

During installation, make sure that all files have been downloaded successfully, and that when unpacking, your device does not run out of free space. Otherwise, system startup will fail.

6. To complete the installation of the operating system, you need to download three additional utilities:

  • XTerm - for accessing the terminal from the Linux graphical shell;
  • Synaptic Package Manager - for managing apt packages and downloading applications;
  • Pulseaudio - for installing sound drivers.

All three utilities are installed with a single GNURoot terminal command:

apt-get install xterm synaptic pulseaudio

About 260MB of data will be downloaded to the device.

7. Now minimize the GNURoot application and open the previously installed XServer XSDL. Agree to download additional fonts. After the installation is complete, tap the screen several times (the application will prompt you to select the resolution and font size - it all depends on your preferences) until you see a splash screen with a blue background and white text.

Restart GNURoot and enter the following two commands in turn:

export DISPLAY \u003d: 0 PULSE_SERVER \u003d tcp: 127.0.0.1: 4712
startlxde &

The sequence of further restarting the system (when you want to reopen Linux) looks like this: start XServer XSDL and wait for the blue screen to appear, open GNURoot and enter the two above commands, return to XServer XSDL.

If the terminal swears at an invalid command, go back to step 5 of this manual and try installing the "bare" kernel. Check the memory status of your Android device.

8. Now open the XServer XSDL, wait a few seconds, and you have Linux ready to go.

To install applications, in the lower left corner, open the Start menu and select Run. Type Synaptic and press Enter.

In the window that opens, use the search and install the required applications. It could be firefox browser, GIMP Image Editor, office suite Libre and other Linux compatible programs.

Of course, this option for installing Linux cannot be called a full-fledged launch of the operating system on Android. Virtual Linux has several limitations, but when using a wireless mouse and keyboard (it is also possible to connect using an OTG adapter and a USB hub), you can turn your smartphone or tablet into laptop with the functionality of an adult OS.

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