It is known that the possibilities of using computers in the educational process are very diverse. It can serve to simulate the studied phenomena or systems, to implement educational games, be used to perform calculations, to edit texts, as various kinds of simulators, as well as a design automation tool, programmable experiment control, as an information retrieval or expert system, and finally , as a means of practical training in computer technology and programming itself. At the same time, the use of a computer as a didactic tool is of particular interest. general purposeapplicable for teaching any knowledge.
The idea of \u200b\u200bteaching using a computer appeared a long time ago. The first attempts date back to the late 50s. At that time, there was already the possibility of "communication" between a person and a computer by means of a telegraph machine-teletype used as an input / output device. A properly programmed computer enters into its memory the text of the request typed by a person on the teletype keyboard, and upon completion of the input of this text, it analyzes it and prints on the teletype a response prepared in advance, or constructed from suitable text elements. Or, more simply, the computer sends the text of the question or the condition of the problem to the teletype and waits for the answer from the keyboard, which is then checked against the available standard to give an estimate: true / false. Since then, all over the world, there has been a continuous scientific search for a solution to the problem of an effective and cheap way of teaching using a computer.
educational program computer informatics
The problem of high cost was tried to solve in the 70s by specialists from the University of Illinois. Their forces created the PLATOIY supersystem, which amazed by its technical capabilities. Each student here was no longer provided with a teletype, but a comfortable terminal with plasma display, providing the issuance of free text, graphics and color frames with microfiche accompanied by sound. The calculations for the low cost of the system were not justified, and after the tests carried out in the conditions of teaching school subjects, the complexity, didactic inefficiency and laboriousness of preparing educational materials were revealed. Creature computer systems learning took on a wide scale and in this regard talked about the revolution in education. But in reality, the developed systems did not have a significant impact on the practice of teaching, and none of them received any significant application: the systems were created by themselves, and people were trained with the help of books and lectures. With the advent of mass production of inexpensive and easy-to-use microcomputers, computerization is now progressing rapidly in quantitative terms.
In the late 80s, the problem laboratory of electronic computing machines A microcomputer training system "Mentor" was created at Moscow State University. This system is intended for teaching subjects of a theoretical nature in universities, technical schools, vocational schools, general education schools, centers for training, retraining and advanced training of personnel at enterprises. A typical version of the system is designed to train up to 32 students simultaneously, served by one microcomputer. The system is simple and easy to operate, does not require special training of teachers and is convenient for students. All communication with the computer takes place according to prompts and control from its side. The system equipment includes a general-purpose microcomputer, display with keyboard, flexible magnetic disk or magnetic tape, a printer, specialized equipment for connecting students and a teacher with a computer, including mini terminals, power supplies for mini terminals and a controller for pairing them with a microcomputer, a system of cables. The system software consists of five parts. Three parts: "Training", "Exam", "Test" provide the opportunity to conduct the appropriate classes. There are two more service subsystems - preparation of control information and processing of protocols. The software is implemented and operates in a structured programming dialogue system, which after it bootstrap, provides all further work. The commands entered from the keyboard are used to load the required subsystem and enter control information. Then the system works without referring to external memory... And only at the end of the lesson, according to the commands entered, it prints out and (or) writes to the protocol archive. The algorithms for the functioning of the main subsystems are designed so that they ensure the management of training and the conduct of exams or tests regardless of the specific content of the training materials, i.e. suitable for automated lessons in any subject. The work of the "Training" subsystem consists in providing training materials, divided into sections, and assigning exercises for each section; in case of incorrect answers, the student is issued a certificate explaining the essence of the error and referring to the required paragraph of the instructional text. In some cases, additional exercises are prescribed. In case of a successful answer to all questions in the section, the student proceeds to study the next section. In case of an incorrect answer - return to the previous section or send to the teacher. Subsystems "Exam" and "Test" are designed to control knowledge and skills. In the "Exam" mode, the student receives from the teacher a set of sections in which he receives a certain number of exercises with limited number attempts to answer. The correct answers are confirmed, and the wrong ones are denied, but no certificates are issued. "Test" differs from "Exam" in that each student answers all the questions in the educational material, and only one attempt is provided to answer. The answers are neither confirmed nor denied. All student work is recorded. Educational and methodological equipment is the least fixed and the most open for building up and development. Only the formats and design rules for educational materials are strictly defined. There are no restrictions on the topics and content of educational materials, as well as methods or didactic techniques, except for the need to express themselves in the form of multiple choice.
In the period from 1991 to 1994, the Russian Research Institute information systems on the instructions of the state committee of higher education of Russia, four competitions were held “ Electronic textbook". As a result of these competitions, the ROSNII IS fund has accumulated over 150 computer training programs ready for distribution on the IBM PC and compatible with them. Among these programs, the following main groups can be distinguished: instrumental systems, application packages, training packages. Tool environments are designed to create computer training programs. They reduce the complexity of creating these programs, while at the same time making it easy for teachers who are not qualified programmers to participate in the development of the programs. Examples of domestic instrumental environments are such systems as "Adonis", "Urok", "Aosmikro", "Scenario", etc. The disadvantage of such systems is that they are expensive. In addition, for the effective use of instrumental systems, it is necessary to attract a stable group of specialists, which creates certain difficulties. Educational programs can be created on the basis of application packages that allow you to transform mathematical expressions, perform calculations, build graphs, process experimental data, etc. Compared to instrumental environments, application packages are cheaper, more versatile, and available to a wide range of users. Training packages can serve as an alternative to application packages.
At the Department of General Physics of Novosibirsk State University, computers began to be used when giving lectures about 10 years ago. Since 1992, developments have been underway here to create a universal automatic complex designed for lecture demonstrations. The complex includes personal computers, video equipment, TV monitors and software... By now, a model of such a complex has already been created and is operating.
Modern methods computer learning implies active interaction of the learner - user with the training program. At the same time, the whole range of possibilities of modern personal computer or workstation - text, image, sound, video, combined into the concept of "multimedia".
Significant progress in this area has been achieved in connection with the development of a large-scale project World wide Web (WWW, W3), combining multimedia and modern computer networks... IN recent times this system has become the de facto standard for many information applications, including training programs. The simplicity of the technology for developing products in this system also attracts - there is practically no need to write programs in algorithmic languages \u200b\u200b(appropriate standard programs WWW systems), and the creation process boils down to designing and filling in the relevant databases and knowledge. Therefore, after conducting a preliminary analysis of computer multimedia tools, it was decided to use wWW system as a basis for the development of a computer textbook and other software.
As can be seen from the above paragraph, the desire to computerize education arose quite a long time ago (by the standards of such a young science as computer science). Almost every decade, more and more advanced training programs were introduced, but the disadvantages of almost each of them were their high cost and a rather difficult way of creating the programs themselves and their further support.
Today, many are interested in whether it is possible to learn to program from scratch.
We have all heard stories that people who are engaged in this business have huge incomes, travel to Bali every weekend and in the first months of their work were able to buy apartments for all their relatives.
Basically, this is not far from the truth, but experience and reputation are required for such results. And you need to start with the simplest. We will consider what steps a person who does not know anything about writing programs need to follow in order to travel to Bali and buy real estate in the future.
Content:
Step one. Training
Often, novice programmers cannot achieve success for the simple reason that they were initially unable to correctly prioritize.
They present this craft as something romantic, dynamic - just some kind of constant action.
In films, this process is shown completely different from what it really is.
Moreover, there generally the actual writing of codes is not displayed, we are only shown the events that revolve around it.
The films also show that any person without knowledge, experience and even without gray matter in the brain can become a programmer. In this case, you can recall the film "Frames".
So if you just imbued with the spirit of all kinds of films and want to start "coding" yourself, programming is clearly not for you.
Here's the truth about the craft in question - programming is:
- hours, and sometimes days of monotonous work, during which you cannot relax, you must always be focused;
- endless learning in pursuit latest trends in this area;
- similar projects with customerswho themselves do not know what they want and how it should look.
As for the latter, then you must it is worth watching the video about seven red lines different color , one of which is in the form of a kitten. In principle, this is close to the truth, since customers often demand the impossible. It also happens that they order something, but they are constantly not satisfied with the result.
If you realize all this and are ready to plunge into the wonderful world of programming, then proceed to the next step.
Step two. First language selection
There are a huge number of programming languages. According to some estimates, their number has already reached several thousand.
In general, C is one of the most simple languageswhich provides the foundation for everything else. Moreover, its elements are used in many other systems and programs.
But it is interesting that in good educational institutions, as well as on courses, students learn languages \u200b\u200bin this order:
1 Pascal.
2 C ++.
3 PHP and everything related to web programming as well SQL (this is a system designed to work with databases through queries).
- Web (website development, online systems and everything connected with it) - html (although it cannot be called a full-fledged programming language), PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, Java, Groovy, and ASP.NET technology.
- Custom software(all kinds of programs like reference books, browsers, instant messengers, etc.) - Delphi, C, C ++, C #.
- Custom software for mobile devices - Java, Objective-C.
- Machine development (work with microprocessors and other devices, design of robotics) - Assembler, modifications by C.
Someone can also add so-called 1C programming to this list. Do not trust the laymen and nothing knowledgeable people! This is not programming at all.
When you become familiar with the basics of the work in question, you will understand why you can say that.
Choose what you like best.
Advice: Make your choice right away! You must know exactly in which direction you will develop and what to study in the future.
Most professionals also advise to start your learning with Pascal. This option will allow
You should write the simplest programs and have a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe craft in question in general.
We can say that Pascal is a kind of bridge. A person who just knows mathematics well can move through it into the world of programming.
Attention! Whatever company you find yourself in after training, you will be retrained for yourself. Therefore, you should simply understand the very principle of writing programs. And for this there is nothing better than Pascal.
Step three. Exploring Compilers
For reference: Compiler - This is a technical solution designed to translate the entered commands into machine instructions, roughly speaking, into zeros and ones, that is, into an interpretation on which the machine will understand what to do.
Actually, you will write all your programs and execute them in compilers.
If you decide to follow our advice and start with Pascal, then you should download Free Pascal. This compiler is absolutely free and is distributed on the official website.
As you can see, it looks quite "old-fashioned", but programming begins with this. By the way, the C ++ compiler looks pretty much the same.
It's called Turbo C ++ (you can download it).
As far as Pascal is concerned, there is also GNU Pascal, Turbo / Borland Pascal, TMT Pascal, and Virtual Pascal. And for C ++ you can use Borland C ++, Visual C ++, Dev C ++, GCC and Eclipse.
But this, as we said above, is only the beginning. You can't stop there. When you have made a choice about your direction, you can move on to more complex compilers.
Here is a list of the most popular compilers today. depending on the areas of activity:
ConcerningDelphi, then the compiler is called there. There is also Embarcadero Delphi and some other modifications. Delphi 7 can be downloaded from many sites, for example. If you chose C, C ++, or C #, then you need Microsoft Visual Studio. You can download it directly on the manufacturer's official website.
Talking aboutAssembler and other languages \u200b\u200bthat are practiced in robotics, then here you need to download MASM right away if you work on Windows. In general, depending on your chosen field of activity and the company for which you get a job, compilers can be very different. Some firms write their own code processing solutions. Therefore, if you have chosen robotics, it is better to study the relevant books and do everything as they say. We will talk about this later.
There are also many online compilers. They are useful in that they serve many programming languages \u200b\u200band do not require installation - very convenient!
The most popular ones are:
This is a unique service that allows you to create several virtual computers and do whatever you want on them, including compiling ciphers.
Virtual machines will be running. On them you can at least delete system folder, install absolutely any program, and so on.
Now let's get down to writing your first cipher (code). This can be done even without books and long instructions.
Step four. First code
For the first code, we will use the first language and the first compiler, which we advised to choose above. This is Pascal and Free Pascal.
One of the most simple programs is written as follows:
1 Download Free Pascal from the link above and run it on your computer.
2 Enter the following: "program [name];"... That is, if you want the program to be called "hello", you must enter "program hello;".
3 Enter the "begin" statement... This means that the code that later needs to be executed has started.
4 We use one of the most common constructions in Pascal "Writeln (‘ [some text] ’);"... It just displays text on the screen. Which is contained in brackets and quotes. We will introduce the combination "Hello, world!"... Usually its way to big world software development starts with this. So the next line will look like "Writeln (‘ Hello, world! ’];".
5 To complete the executable cipher, enter "end." (always with a dot at the end).
6 Now press the button "F9"to run what you wrote. You will see the words appear on the screen "Hello, world!"... This was required!
To get started with other languages, books usually also provide instructions for writing "Hello, world!" , that is, an instruction that just prints such simple text to the screen.
So you've mastered your first cipher! A start. Now move on to intensive training.
Step five. Take online training
The advantage of online lessons is that you see everything clearly, and from beginning to end.
Therefore, it is better for beginners to start their journey with online trainings. Here the best courses in Russian:
- Course "Fundamentals of Programming" from the Educational IT-portal GeekBrains. Here everything is told from the very beginning, from the very beginning. You can study the history, development of this industry, and then gradually become a part of it. The same training cycle can be downloaded from the torrent (here is the link).
- Lessons from the School of Programmers. This course is suitable for those who do not understand anything even in mathematics, do not know the nature of numbers, how information is presented in a computer and other similar moments. That is, if you consider yourself a complete layman, watch these video tutorials.
- "Fundamentals of Programming" from EG Lab. Here they will talk about this craft in general, about the development of complex problems and data types (three lessons in total). Viewing these lessons will be a great help to start learning a particular language in the future.
After viewing these courses, you need to move on to lessons dedicated to a specific language or industry of your choice.
Knowing English is a huge advantage, but only if you already know something.
For some reason, courses for those who are absolutely zero in this matter are not provided there (or they cannot be found).
But there are courses for specific languages. For example, there is Learn Java Simply, C ++ Programming Tutorial for Beginners, How to program in C # - BASICS, and more.
Choose training depending on the direction of your activity.
If you have watched at least a few lessons, you can start something more meaningful, studying books.
This program generates examples from the multiplication table. The solver needs to write down the correct answer in a special field and press the CHECK button. After clicking, the program will give the result.
You can skip tasks by clicking on the example that you want to skip, but all the gaps will be counted and after clicking the TOTAL button, the number of correct and incorrect answers, as well as the number of missed tasks, will be shown.
The program will be useful to everyone who wants to repeat and consolidate knowledge of the multiplication table.
The program requires a computer installed virtual machine java (JVM).
Subject: Mathematics
The program generates numerical series of different lengths (up to 12 characters) and displays them on the screen. The user chooses the time of displaying the row and its length. After pressing START, the row is shown and after set time disappears and the user must repeat it. The program is quite easy to use and will be useful for memory development. The program requires java installed on the computer.
Subject: Metasubject
Automatic analysis of diagnostics. The table presents 4 methods: "Questionnaire for assessing the level of school motivation N. Luskanova"; "Questioning of students" (according to N.Yu. Yashina); Methodology "What am I?"; "Test for attention" (P.Ya. Galperin, S.L. Kabylnitskaya).
For each technique, a table was compiled with automatic output of the results. Points must be put in gray cells. The findings for each indicator are entered into the Consolidated Diagnostic List. The archive contains materials on diagnostics.
Subject: Metasubject
Target audience: for grade 3
Analysis of dictation and grammatical assignments in grade 1 with individual diagnosis of each student.
The teacher marks the work; if the student made a mistake, you need to put + from the drop-down list, if there were no errors, leave the cell empty. The upper cells are active - you can enter the classification of errors. In individual sheets, the program automatically processes data for each student. There is an instruction in the table.
Subject: Russian language
The table provides a list of educational achievements that the teacher assesses at the end of the year for students. For the assessment, a 5-point system is used (description is attached). For each student, a report is displayed after filling in the main table.
The template provides for changes: you can change the class by a quarter, as described in the table. The table is based on the material of L.I. Berdikulova. (the document is attached to the archive).
Subject: Metasubject
Target audience: for teachers
Analysis and processing of control cheating in grade 1 with individual diagnosis of each student.
The teacher enters the text of the work in the upper cells; makes a mark for work; the number of corrections the student made when cheating; indicates errors and the words in which they were made. In individual sheets, the program automatically processes data for each student; if a lot of mistakes are made, the recommendations "How to write off the text correctly" are displayed, which can be printed for parents.
The table contains detailed instructions.
Subject: Russian language
Target audience: for grade 1
Analysis and processing of data on the surrounding world (WLO) in grade 4. After filling out the table on the achievement sheets for each student, a report appears on the formation of subject and metasubject results of mastering the main educational program primary general education.
On the "Analysis" sheet, the mark will be set only after entering the variant number.
Subject: The world around
Target audience: for grade 4
Analysis and processing of data on the Russian language (VLF) in grade 4. After filling in the table on the achievement sheets for each student, a report appears on the formation of subject and metasubject results of mastering the basic educational program of primary general education.
After entering the results for each task, the program displays an analysis of the work performed. The number of correctly completed tasks, the names of students who completed each task are displayed. On individual sheets for students, the skills learned on high level; skills to look out for.
Subject: Russian language
Target audience: for grade 4
- this is software tool, designed to solve certain pedagogical problems, having subject content and focused on interaction with the student.
The above definition fixes the fact that the CPC is a means specially created for solving pedagogical problems, i.e. use in the educational process is its main purpose. Computer tools used in teaching, but having a different main purpose and not implementing pedagogical functions, do not belong to the CPC. They are considered as a subject of study or act as a toolkit for solving educational problems.
The following main pedagogical tasks, solved with the help of the CPC:
1) initial acquaintance with the subject area, mastering its basic concepts and concepts;
2) basic training at different levels of depth and detail;
3) development of skills and abilities for solving typical practical problems in a given subject area;
4) development of skills in analysis and decision-making in non-standard (atypical) problem situations;
5) development of abilities for certain types of activities;
6) conducting educational and research experiments with models of the studied objects, processes and environment of activity;
7) restoration of knowledge, abilities and skills (for rare situations, tasks and technological operations);
8) control and assessment of knowledge and skills levels.
Despite the integral nature of the listed tasks, their solutions influence each other. Therefore, the types of CPC, as a rule, are not correlated with individual tasks, but with the groups of the most correlated tasks.
Content requirement implies that the CPC should include study material in a specific subject area (discipline, course, section, topic). Learning material means information as a declarative (descriptive, illustrative) natureand tasks to control knowledge and skills, as well as models and algorithms representing the objects and processes under study... The presence of subject content allows you to separate the CPC from aidsproviding technical and methodological support educational process (electronic journals of progress, monitors for remote control and consultation, etc.).
Computer training programis a product for the learner.
Orientation towards independent work of trainees is the most important characteristic of the CPC. At the same time, it is not their integral feature, since there are CPCs designed for group forms of training (for example, multi-role simulators).
City Car Driving 1.5.5 Realistic driving simulator that will teach you how to drive in urban, rural and mountainous areas in a wide variety of weather conditions and times of day.
Examination tickets SDA 2016 (A, B) 4.0 The program of preparation for passing the exam in the traffic police for obtaining the rights of category "A" and "B". The program contains all the changes and additions to the rules of July 19, 2012.
Schulte tables Schulte tables are used to increase the peripheral field of vision of a person and train fast reading of text and memorization of information. Exercises with tables also have a beneficial effect on the development of memory and concentration.
Pascal ABC 3.0.1 Convenient and free tool teaching programming in Pascal. Designed for high school and university students. Contains in its composition a collection of tasks for practicing a variety of basic programming skills.
English Practice 7.2 Convenient and easy-to-use self-study program in English... The program will significantly expand your vocabulary and teach you to confidently understand English by ear.
Simulator of English 1.12 Simulator software for learning English: fully voiced words, phrases and dialogues, an advanced system of tests and grades, very easy to use
PerfectBrain 2.1 Pro Educational program to train and develop the skills of speed reading, attention and intelligence. With its help, you can improve memory and reaction speed. It will be useful for schoolchildren, students and those who want to improve their intellectual performance.
Keyboard simulator 2.0.2 A small, free program for teaching fast typing and learning the layout of the computer keyboard. The program contains many lessons both in the Russian layout and english layout keyboard.
Testdel 2.4.7 Testdel testing program is created for passing, creating tests. Supports formulas, pictures. Stores the results of work, exports to text Document every job, exports all jobs to Excel.
Mapsmaker 1.0 The Mapsmaker program is designed to help you create and save technological maps for a lesson on federal state educational standards. All the components of the lesson are selected from those suggested by the program with a simple click of the mouse.
USE GIA tutor and problem book "ExamL 16.2.7 Preparation for the USE and GIA exams for students in grades 9-11 in the following subjects: Mathematics, Russian and Literature, Social Studies, History, Geography, Physics, Biology. Contains 4500 questions from 150 tests for 2012 -4 years and 4150 school tasks.
Recall All 2.0 The program is designed to quickly memorize the 3500 most used words of the English language according to the system of the Guinness Book of Records record holder for memorizing foreign words - Samvel Gharibyan.
MemoryUp 1.1 Do you forget logins, passwords, your own phone number, year of birth? Then the simple program MemoryUp is for you. With its help, you in the shortest time will improve the process of memorizing both symbolic and figurative information of any complexity.
Memory Training 2.1 Free software for the development of the possibilities of visual memory and mental abilities of a person. Your attention is invited to memorize a few words for a limited time, and then, if possible, remember each of them.
Test Yourself 2.0 A program for testing schoolchildren or university students. The subject of the tests is determined by the compiler with the ability to connect a graphic (jpg, bmp), audio (wav, mp3) or video file (avi, mpeg) to the question.
Examenator Education Pack A program for organizing educational material on a specific subject, creating cheat sheets. With the export function you can save your cheat sheets to in different waysstarting from text files before own Android applications
Knowing 2.3 The program is designed to create tests and conduct testing of pupils and students in computer classes of schools, universities, as well as at home, to test knowledge in various fields.
Division table in cartoons 1.0 Educational program for children in mathematics, which allows you to study the division table using pictures and melodies from domestic and foreign cartoons.
AnimalsBaby 1.0 With this simple cognitive program you can broaden your child's horizons, improve his perception of the world and erudition. The program is a colorful textbook on the animal kingdom, in which the child must guess the names of the young of various animals.
Multiplication table in cartoons 1.0 The program allows children to study multiplication table by three together with their parents different ways using pictures from domestic and foreign cartoons.
Tasks - to guess the depicted fragment of the cartoon, open the entire image and at the same time make a minimum number of mistakes.
HTML 2.0 Basics Basics hTML language - tutorial, distinctive feature which is a graphical presentation of information using knowledge maps (mind maps). Each lesson ends with a validation test with carefully selected questions and practice exercises.
FlowersTest 1.0 Guessing the names of flowers from their images.
The program is testing and educational, designed for children of preschool and school age. Instills in children a love of nature.
Solids of revolution 1.0 Automatic construction and viewing of solids of revolution in space. After building a figure on a plane, the user can see the construction of a body of revolution relative to any of the three coordinate axes, rotate it and pass the test.
