The structure of the information system, subsystem. Information Systems

The general structure of an information system can be viewed as a set of subsystems, regardless of the scope. The following supporting subsystems are distinguished in the IS:

Technical,

Mathematical and software,

Informational,

Linguistic,

Organizational,

Legal,

· Ergonomic.

Technical support (TO)- complex technical meansintended for the operation of the information system, as well as the corresponding documentation for these tools and technological processes.

The complex of technical means consists of:

· Computers of any model;

· Devices for collecting, accumulating, processing, transmitting and outputting information;

· Devices for data transmission and communication lines;

· Office equipment and devices for automatic information retrieval;

Operating materials, etc.

Documentation formalizes the preliminary selection of technical means, the organization of their operation, the technological process of data processing, technological equipment. Documentation can be roughly divided into three groups:

· System-wide, including state and industry standards for technical support;

· Specialized, containing a set of methods for all stages of development of technical support;

· Regulatory reference, used when performing calculations for technical support.

The technical support (TO) of the IS can be divided into two groups - versatile and specialized.

Universal maintenanceincludes means of input, processing, storage and transmission of information. The first three types of tools are now standard components of mainframes, regardless of their class and scale. Information transmission facilities include network and telecommunication computer equipment, systems and communication facilities general purposethat provide various types of communication, for example, the exchange of data between computers on the network, as well as remote access to resources.

Specialized maintenance (OBD machines)... The basis of modern IS are databases and database management systems (DBMS), which are means of storing, processing and accessing large volumes of information.

Fast development needs of DB applications puts forward new requirements for DBMS, such as:

· Support for a wide range of types of data presented and operations on them;

· Support of data consistency;

· Ensuring the integrity of the database;

· Management of distributed databases, integration of heterogeneous databases;

· A significant increase in the reliability of the database functioning.

The entire computer park can be conditionally divided into PC and high-performance computers (MainFrame System). Mainframes - architecture where it is powerful computer - the "mainframe" itself, - on which all the logic works, and users have only terminals. Large foreign companies and banks cannot work without large computers of the class mainframe... Mainframes are essential for building large data stores and providing access to them. These computers have high demands on reliability for 24/7 operation, data protection and performance.

For some tasks requiring operational decisions, for example, for assessing the degree of risk and making optimization of transactions with securities, it is necessary that the system's response to a request does not exceed several minutes. So computers of the MainFrame System type, with a large amount of information, cope with a task in 20 hours, and supercomputers, for example, CRAY - 6 minutes. And the difference between 20 hours and 6 minutes is about half the cost of a CRAY computer.

Mathematical and software - a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms and programs for the implementation of the goals and objectives of the information system, as well as normal functioning complex of technical means.

To funds software relate:

· Tools for modeling management processes;

· Typical management tasks;

· Methods of mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.

Part software are included oS, programming systems, applications (packages application programs).

operating systemdesigned to perform the following main functions:

· Data management;

· Task management (tasks, processes);

· Communication with a human operator.

In different operating systems, they are implemented at different scales and using different technical, software, information methods.

System softwareincludes operating systems for the hardware platforms used, various operating shells, programs for networking, system tests, programs for network and database administration.

Programming system is a tool environment for a programmer, which usually allows him to develop application programs, as well as system software components for the corresponding computers and operating systems.

A programming system includes software development tools such as programming languages, text editors, translators, link editors, subroutine libraries, utilities, etc., which provide automation of the compilation and debugging of user programs .

Applications include software products and system shells. Software product is a software package configured to solve one or more problems. IS shells are flexible software packages customized to the user's tasks. The most common shells are DBMS and AIPS.

In the structural composition of the DBMS, the kernel and the environment can be distinguished. Nucleus DBMS is a software package that provides direct execution of physical operations on a database. Wednesday - a set of interface modules that provide communication between users and the kernel and through it with the database. Wednesday includes user interfaces and DB administrator utilities.

DBMS structure

By means of the user are

· Dialogue interfaces;

· Report generators;

· A system for the design and support of interactive technologies in IS.

UtilitiesdB administrators form a library of database maintenance programs in privileged mode and perform the main functions, which include:

· physical training disk memory to the location of the database;

· Preparation of certificates on the composition of the database, file structure, amount of data and occupied space;

Computing;

Communication;

Informative;

Archiving -;

Regulatory -;

Optimizing;

Self-organizing -;

Self-cultivating;

Research;

Predictive;

Analyzing;

Synthesizing;

Controlling;

Diagnostic;

Documenting.

To implement the listed functions, the IS should include a set of subsystems:

FUNCTIONAL IS subsystems are designed to implement and support models, methods and algorithms for obtaining control information. Functional subsystems are understood as subsystems that implement individual control functions. These, for example, include the subsystems of planning, control, accounting, regulation, etc.

Composition functional subsystems depends on subject area use of IP. Each of the subsystems provides the implementation of a set of tasks and information processing procedures necessary for effective object management.

The approximate composition of these subsystems for manufacturing organizations includes:

1. The subsystem of scientific and technical preparation of production is responsible for the implementation of research and development, design and technological preparation of production.

2. The business planning subsystem performs technical and economic and operational scheduling of production, provides the formation of business plans.

3. The subsystem of operational control is designed to control the course of production, and also manages material flows, supply and sales, taking into account the costs of production.

4. The financial management subsystem is responsible for the formation of the financial plan and portfolio of orders of the enterprise, the analysis of the results of its economic activities.

5. The accounting subsystem provides reporting and accounting of labor and wages, inventory, fixed assets, results of financial transactions.

Let us consider the composition of the IS providing subsystems.

1. Information support is a set of implemented solutions in terms of volumes, placement and forms of organization of information transmitted in the control system. Information support is the methods and means of organizing information base systems that include information classification and coding systems, unified document systems, information flow schemes, database building techniques.

2. Technical support is a set of technical means involved in technological process transformation of information in the system. First of all it is computing machines, peripheral equipment, equipment and data transmission channels.

3. Software includes a set of programs for regular use necessary for solving functional tasks and programs that allow the most efficient use of computing technology, providing users with the greatest convenience in their work.

4. Software is a set of economic and mathematical methods, models and algorithms for information processing used in the system.

In IS of an organizational and economic nature, the means of ML quite often include methods of mathematical statistics, optimization methods, tools for modeling management processes (simulation).

5. Linguistic support - a set of linguistic means used in the system in order to improve the quality of its development and facilitate communication between man and machine.

6. Staffing - the composition of specialists involved in the creation and operation of the system, staffing and functional responsibilities.

7. Ergonomic support - a set of methods and tools used in the development and operation of IS, creating optimal conditions for the activities of personnel, for the fastest mastering of the system.

8. Legal support - a set of legal norms governing the creation and operation of an information system, the procedure for obtaining, transforming and using information.

9. Organizational support is a set of solutions that regulate the processes of creation and functioning of both the system as a whole and its personnel.

The creation of an information system is preceded by a study of the subject area and the construction of a model of an automated object - an enterprise.

Theme. IS subsystems

Information system - an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in order to achieve the goal.

Today, even at small enterprises, there is a need to process significant amounts of information, and accordingly, it is necessary to use automated information systems. Automated Information System (AIS)- a complex of software, technical, informational, linguistic, organizational and technological tools and personnel, designed for collecting, primary processing, storage, search, secondary processing and issuance of data in a given form (form) for solving heterogeneous professional tasks of system users. In AIS, some of the control and data processing functions are performed by the system, and some by humans. AIS can be considered as a man-machine system with an automated technology for obtaining the resultant information necessary for information services to economists and optimization of the management process in various spheres of human activity.

Strictly speaking, the concept of an information system does not imply the mandatory presence of a computer in its composition. Having carefully studied the above definition, it becomes obvious. IS involves the processing and issuance of information using certain means, methods and personnel, but which ones are not specified in the definition. Based on the definition, IP refers to the entire volume of information circulating in an organization. BUT! The modern understanding of the information system involves the use of a computer as the main technical means of processing information. So using the term IP (EIS), they usually mean an automated system. It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computersequipped with specialized software are the technical base and tool for information systems. An information system is inconceivable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications. Those. the technical embodiment of the information system in itself will mean nothing if the role of the person for whom the produced information is intended and without whom it is impossible to receive and present it is not taken into account.

Economic Information System (EIS) -it is a set of internal and external flows of direct and feedback information communication of an economic object, methods, means, specialists involved in the process of information processing and the development of management decisions.

Obviously, such a definition of the EIS covers the entire enterprise (organization) as a whole. Which is quite logical, since enterprise (organization) is a special case economic system... BUT! We will use the term "EIS" in a narrower sense. Exactly as an automated EIS, i.e. such a system, the processing of information flows is done with the help of modern IT.

Economic information systemis a related set of hardware and software tools, information resources, as well as management services that carry out information processes to ensure the preparation and adoption of economic decisions.

The structure of the IS is distinguished functional subsystem reflecting the goals and objectives of managementand supporting subsystem - containing the means of solving the problem... Subsystems do not function on their own, but are closely related to each other. Decomposition is carried out only to facilitate and simplify the analysis, design and implementation of IS.

Functional subsystem

The composition of functional subsystems is largely determined by the characteristics of the economic system, its industry affiliation, form of ownership, size, and the nature of the enterprise.

Functional subsystems of the IS can be built according to various principles:

subject;

functional;

mixed (subject-functional).

So, given subject The directions of the use of IS in the business processes of an industrial enterprise are distinguished by subsystems for managing production and financial resources: management of material and technical supply, production management of finished products, personnel management, sales management of finished products, financial management. At the same time, the subsystems consider the solution of problems at all levels of management, ensuring the integration of information flows vertically.

For implementation functions management distinguishes functional subsystems: forecasting; rationing; planning (technical, economic and operational); accounting; analysis; regulation, which are implemented at various levels of management and are combined into management loops: Marketing, Production, Logistics, Finance, etc.

In practice, mixed ( subject-functional ) approach according to which the construction functional structure IS is its division into subsystems according to the nature of economic activity, which must correspond to the structure of the object and the management system, as well as the nature of the management functions performed. Using this approach, we can distinguish the following typical set of functional subsystems in general structure Enterprise IP.

Functional principle:

strategic development;

technical and economic planning;

accounting and business analysis.

Subject principle (resource management subsystems):

technical preparation of production

main and auxiliary production;

product quality;

logistics;

marketing;

Subsystems, built according to the functional principle, cover all types of economic activities of the enterprise (production, supply, sales, personnel, finance). Subsystems, built on the subject principle, relate mainly to the operational level of resource management. The structure of IS subsystems, distinguished according to the functional-subject principle, is shown in Fig.

The structure of functional subsystems of IS, allocated according to the functional-subject principle

Supporting subsystem.

Supporting subsystems are common for the entire IS, regardless of specific functional subsystems, regardless of the subject area. Types of security:

Information support - a set of a unified system of classification and coding of information, unified documentation systems, schemes of information flows circulating in an organization, and an information base (database).

The purpose of the information support subsystem is the timely formation and delivery of reliable information for making managerial decisions.

AND ABOUT. is divided into two types: external and internal.

External information Support includes: rules of classification and coding of information; regulatory and reference information; operational information; methodical and instructional materials. Internal information support includes a description of: input signals and data; intermediate information arrays; output signals and documents.

IS information support

Mathematical support - a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms and programs for the implementation of the goals and objectives of the information system, as well as the normal functioning of the complex of technical means.

To funds software relate:

Management processes modeling tools;

Typical control algorithms;

Methods of mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.

Technical support - a set of technical means intended for the operation of the information system, as well as the corresponding documentation for these means and technological processes. Complex of technical means make up:

Computers of any model;

Devices for collecting, accumulating, processing, transmitting and outputting information;

Data transmission devices and communication lines;

Office equipment and devices for automatic information retrieval;

Operating materials, etc.

Software software - a set of programs that implement the functions and tasks of the IS and ensure the stable operation of complexes of technical means. The software includes system, applied and instrumental software, as well as instructional and methodological materials on the use of software tools and personnel involved in its development and maintenance for the entire life cycle of the IS.

SystemicSoftware - a set of programs and software systems to ensure the operation of a computer, computer networks and application software: operating systems, device drivers, utilities, etc.

Applied Software - software, consisting of: individual application programs and software packages designed to solve various user tasks and automated systemscreated on the basis of these (packages) application programs. Application software consists of general purpose systems (office, multimedia, etc. systems); problem-oriented systems (local, complex, corporate); method-oriented systems (mathematics, statistics, expert systems, etc.).

InstrumentalBY (Programming Technology Toolkit) - software used during the development, adjustment or development of other programs: editors, compilers, debuggers, auxiliary system programs, etc.

Linguistic software - a set of linguistic tools used at different levels of data creation and processing, for communication between a person and a computer. The means included in the LR are divided into two groups: traditional languages \u200b\u200b(natural, mathematical, algorithmic, etc.) and intended for dialogue with computers (information retrieval, languages \u200b\u200bof operating environments, etc.)

Organizational support - a set of documents for the design of IS, which regulates the interaction of employees of management services and technological personnel of IS with technical services and among themselves. The goal of OO is the selection and setting of management tasks, analysis of the management system and ways to improve it, development of solutions for organizing interaction between IS and personnel, and implementation of management tasks.

Organizational support is one of the most important subsystems of IS, on which the successful implementation of the goals and functions of the system depends. The organizational support can be divided into four groups of components.

The first group includes the most important methodological materials regulating the process of creating and functioning of the system (industry-wide guidance materials for the creation of IS; standard design solutions; methodological materials for organizing and conducting a pre-design survey at an enterprise).

The second component is a set of tools necessary for the effective design and operation of the IS (complexes of management tasks, including standard packages of applied programs; typical enterprise management structures; unified document systems; system-wide and industry classifiers, etc.).

The third component is technical documentation obtained in the process of inspection, design and implementation of the system (feasibility study; terms of reference; technical and working projects and documents that formalize the commissioning of the system).

The fourth component is "Personnel", which is represented by the organizational and staffing table, which determines, in particular, the composition of specialists in functional management subsystems.

Legal security - a set of legal norms governing legal relations in the creation and implementation of IP. The main purpose of this type of security is to strengthen the rule of law.

Methodical provision - a set of laws, regulations and instructions on accounting, taxation and other areas that provide legal support making decisions and allowing to develop algorithms for processing accounting information.

Ergonomic provision - a set of methods and means for creating optimal conditions for highly effective, error-free and safe activities of specialists in the process of creating and operating an IS.

Security personnel - a set of methods and means for organizing and conducting training of personnel in methods of working with IS.

Out-of-machine information support (IO) includes the indicators required to solve management problems; their volume-time characteristics and information links; various classifiers and codes; a unified documentation system for reflecting indicators; forms of output of processing results.

Automation of management operations requires bringing the entire set of indicators into a single, holistic system, establishing their content and terminological unity (uniqueness), as well as clear interactions between them.

Systematization of management information necessitates the use of the following types classifiers:

National classifiers (OK), developed in a centralized manner and are uniform for the whole country (for example, OK of industrial and agricultural products - OKP; OK of branches of the national economy - OKONKh; designation system of government bodies - SOOGU; designation system of administrative-territorial objects - SOATO; OK of professions and services; OK of works and services; OK of units of measurement, classification system of forms of ownership - SKFS, etc.);

· Industry-specific, uniform for a certain branch of activity (as a rule, they are developed in standard projects of automated processing);

· Local classifiers compiled into nomenclatures typical for a given enterprise, bank, company (codes of personnel numbers, divisions, bank accounts, etc.). They are of particular importance in automated information systems.

When classifying information, the nomenclatures to be coded are first identified. These include those attributes-attributes that are used to compose groupings. Then, for each nomenclature, a complete list of all items to be coded is compiled. The logical dependence of various features in the considered nomenclature is observed. For example, when coding territories, districts are arranged by province. Such an ordered list of homogeneous names, recorded on paper or other media, consisting of separate lines (positions), is called nomenclature. Each nomenclature provides for a certain number of reserve items in case new objects appear. In this way, classification – it is an ordering of the elements of a set into subsets based on the analysis of features and the identification of dependencies within the features.

The classification is carried out coding - the process of assigning a symbol to various items of the nomenclature. The code – symbolic designation of an object by a symbol or a group of symbols according to certain rules established by the coding system. Codes can be numeric, alphabetic, or mixed. In machine processing, preference is given to codes in digital form as the most convenient for machine grouping.

As a result of assigning code designations to each item of the nomenclature, classifier - a systematized collection of homogeneous names and their code designations.

Classifiers are drawn up in the form of reference books and are used by economists to prepare documents for machine processing. Codes are put down manually in accordance with the instructions in places specially designated in the document, in the zones where the constant and variable signs of the document are located. In the presence of an automated IS, it is envisaged to store all classifiers on computer media in a data bank as a vocabulary fund or conditionally permanent information.

There are a number of requirements for codes. They have to

· Cover all nomenclatures subject to coding;

· Be united for different tasks within one economic object (for example, codes of materials, departments should be the same for sales and logistics tasks);

· Be stable;

· Have a reserve of free numbers (but not excessive, because this can lead to an increase in the value of the code);

· Have the minimum length of the code mark;

· Have the same value of the codes of this nomenclature for all items.

Often, a check digit is added to the codes (through a dash to the main code), which ensures that the machine automatically finds an error when the economist incorrectly puts down any digit in the code or when the numbers are rearranged.

Codes provide the grouping of information in the computer memory, summing up all grouping characteristics and printing them in pivot tables. They are used when performing such processing procedures as search, storage, retrieval of information, and also significantly reduce the time of its transmission through communication channels.

Information is encoded according to a specific system coding - a set of rules that determine the construction of the code. Several coding systems, among which the most widespread are: ordinal, serial, positional and combined... The choice of a coding system depends on the number of features to be distinguished in the nomenclature, the number of items in each feature and the degree of stability of the nomenclature.

When building ordinal system all items of the item are coded according to a minor attribute, without considering the major attributes. All positions are assigned serial numbers without a reserve. The system codes are of little meaning, simple, but they only take into account the junior feature, which excludes the receipt of results for the senior features. Another drawback of the system is the lack of reserve positions. The ordinal system is used when coding stable unambiguous nomenclatures.

Serial system resembles ordinal, but it can be used to encode two or more nomenclatures. A series of numbers is assigned to each group of major item characteristics. Within this series, each position of the minor characteristics of the item is coded with a serial number. The serial system provides backup numbers for the major attributes of the item. It is convenient for processing on a computer if the memory of the machine contains the numerical values \u200b\u200bof a series of numbers that characterize the senior signs. The computer provides summary totals for all grouping characteristics.

When positional system codingeach feature is clearly highlighted and one or more categories are assigned to it, depending on its significance. Then each feature is coded separately starting from 1, 01, 001, etc. - depending on the significance of the feature. This code provides automatic generation of all necessary results in the computer. Combined system as well as positional, it provides for a clear selection of all the characteristics of the nomenclature. Moreover, each feature can be coded according to any system: ordinal, serial or positional. The combined system is more flexible and widely used in solving economic challengesbecause it provides automatic receipt of all necessary totals.

With the rapidly increasing use of computer technology in all industries, it is difficult to underestimate the role of bar coding in increasing the efficiency of production, trade, transport, banking. In Western countries, almost all trade is based on bar codes, which are applied to 99% of all manufactured goods. In its absence, the trade does not accept the goods from the manufacturer, or they do it with a large discount (30-40% or more). Such actions are explained by the fact that bar-coding of goods is economically justified when it covers at least 85% of goods. As a matter of fact bar code - a method of entering information into a computer, with the help of which one can quickly "recognize" an object and transfer information about it to a computer. Let's briefly consider how this happens in trading.

The barcode combines a sequence of light and dark stripes of varying width. The commodity details relate to the relative widths of these bands and their combinations. A certain set of strokes (dark stripes) and spaces (light stripes) is a sign (symbol), and the combination of a number of signs forms a product code.

There are three features of the application of machine-readable barcode documents:

1. Reading, control and decoding of the code is carried out using microprocessor devices, which requires the introduction of specialized technical means.

2. It is obligatory to have a PC, where standardized characteristics of the product are recorded in advance for their subsequent comparison with the product code, as well as use as conditionally permanent data in solving specific sales problems.

3. Automatic reading of data from a bar code or a label takes place practically without distortion and does not require special skills in work, therefore, it can be performed by a cashier-operator or a seller-cashier.

A system is complex if it can be described in more than one language (Academician Berg). One of the main properties of an IC is divisibility into subsystems, which has a number of advantages from the point of view of its development and operation, which include:

• simplification of the development and modernization of IS as a result of the specialization of groups of designers by subsystems;
• simplification of the implementation and delivery of ready-made subsystems in accordance with the order of work;
• simplification of the operation of IS due to the specialization of workers in the subject area.

Usually there are functional and supporting subsystems. Functional subsystems of the IS informationally serve certain types of activities of the economic system (enterprise), characteristic of the structural units of the economic system and (or) management functions. Integration of functional subsystems into unified system is achieved through the creation and functioning of supporting subsystems, such as information, software, mathematical, technical, technological, organizational and legal subsystems.

3.3.1. Functional subsystems of information systems

The functional subsystem of IS is a complex of economic tasks with a high degree of information exchanges (connections) between tasks. In this case, by a task we mean a certain process of information processing with a clearly defined set of input and output information (for example, piecework wages, accounting for the arrival of materials, placing a purchase order, etc.). The composition of functional subsystems is largely determined by the characteristics of the economic system, its industry affiliation, form of ownership, size, and the nature of the enterprise.

Functional subsystems of the IS can be built according to various principles:

• subject;
• functional;
• problematic;
• mixed (subject-functional).

So, taking into account the subject orientation of the use of IP in the economic processes of an industrial enterprise, subsystems for managing production and financial resources are distinguished: management of material and technical supply, production management of finished products, personnel management, sales management of finished products, and financial management. At the same time, the subsystems consider the solution of problems at all levels of management, ensuring the integration of information flows vertically. For the implementation of management functions, functional subsystems are distinguished: forecasting; rationing; planning (technical, economic and operational); accounting; analysis; regulation, which are implemented at various levels of management and are combined into management loops: Marketing, Production, Logistics, Finance (examples are presented in Table 3.3-1).

An example of the application of the approach to the allocation of functional subsystems based on control functions can be a multi-user network complex (MSC) of full automation of the Galaktika corporation (JSC Novy Atlant), which includes four automation loops in accordance with the control functions: planning loop; operational control loop; accounting and control loop; analysis loop.

The problematic principle of the formation of subsystems reflects the need for flexible and prompt management decisions on individual problems within the framework of the DSS, for example, solving business planning and project management problems. Such subsystems can be implemented as local information systems that import data from a corporate information system (for example, a business planning system based on the Project-Expert PPP), or as special subsystems within a corporate IS (for example, a manager's information system).

In practice, a mixed (subject-functional) approach is most often used, according to which the construction of the functional structure of the IS is its division into subsystems according to the nature of economic activity, which must correspond to the structure of the object and the management system, as well as the nature of the management functions performed. Using this approach, we can distinguish the following typical set of functional subsystems in the general structure of an enterprise's IS.