Oh life. Automation and creation of information systems are currently one of the most resource-intensive areas of activity of a technogenic society. One of the reasons for the active development of this area is that automation serves as the basis for a radical change in management processes that play an important role in the activities of humans and society. Control systems appear, the action of which is aimed at maintaining or improving the operation of an object using a control device (a set of means for collecting, processing, transmitting information and generating control signals or commands). There are many types of information systems: data processing systems, management information systems, marketing systems, accounting systems and others used in various organizations. Among them, important functions are performed by information management systems.

Management information systems (MIS) are any systems that provide people with data or information about the operations performed in an organization. IMS are used in the activities of employees, owners, customers and other key persons in the organizational environment. The support of these persons is carried out either by efficient processing data to assist in the performance of work related to transactions (a transaction is a registered business operation), or the effective provision of information to officials.

History of the development of ISU

IMS are systems based on constantly evolving concepts of information use.

The first information management systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing invoices and calculating salaries, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents. Such systems are called transaction processing systems. Transactions include the following operations: invoicing, invoices, payroll preparation and other accounting operations.

In the 60s. computer facilities were further developed: operating systems, disk technology appeared, programming languages ​​were significantly improved. The development of computer technology has led to the emergence of new opportunities in the automation of various types of activities, for example, the preparation of reporting documentation. The attitude towards information systems is changing. The information obtained with their help began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. Management reporting systems (MSAs) are emerging, targeting decision-makers.

In the 70s. information systems continue to develop actively. At this time, the first microprocessors, interactive display devices, database technology and user-friendly software (tools that allow you to work with a program without studying its descriptions) appeared. These advances have created the conditions for the emergence of decision support systems (DSS). Unlike management reporting systems, which provide information on pre-established reporting forms, DSSs provide it as needed.

There are 3 stages of decision-making: informational, design and selection stage. At the information stage, the environment is investigated, events and conditions that require decision-making are determined. Possible areas of activity (alternatives) are developed and evaluated at the design stage. At the stage of selection, a certain alternative is justified and selected, organizing monitoring of its implementation. DSS uses hardware, software, data, model base and manager's labor to support all stages of decision-making by direct user-managers in the process of analytical modeling based on the provided set of technologies. These systems meet the individual information needs of users. The most important goal of the DSS is to provide technology for the formation of information, as well as technological support for decision-making in general.

In the 70-80s. in offices began to use a variety of computer and telecommunication technologies, which expanded the scope of information systems. These technologies include: word processing, desktop publishing, e-mail, etc. The integration of these technologies in one office is called an office information system. IS are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control that supports and accelerates the decision-making process.

1980s characterized by the fact that information technology began to aspire to a new role in the organization: companies have discovered that information systems are a strategic weapon. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization to achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new sales markets, provide worthy partners for itself, organize the release of products at a low price and much more. Information technology, as it develops, affects competition in the following way:

1) replace the old rules of competition with new ones;

2) create opportunities to achieve competitive advantages

with the help of new ways to get ahead of the opponent;

3) generate completely new types of economic activity,

using for this operations already existing in the organization.

Interaction of ISU subsystems

Transaction processing systems assist in the execution of transactions. Processing transactions, they saturate the information system with data, registering the execution of operations. This data is then used in the operation of management reporting systems and decision support systems. The LMS periodically prepare information in the form of reports in pre-established forms. These reports are then used by managers to make decisions. DSS is also used by managers, but to make decisions based on their own models.

The main directions of ISU

There are many areas of ISU: data resources, strategic planning, software development, telecommunications systems, application portfolios, etc. Among all areas, strategic planning should be highlighted: this area has remained a high priority for many years. Strategic planning is a long-term planning process undertaken by an organization to establish a goal and determine how to achieve a goal.

There are also tactical and operational planning. Strategic planning is carried out by the senior management team, developing a general strategy, long-term goals and objectives of the organization, as well as monitoring the implementation of the strategy and its adjustment. Tactical planning is carried out by the middle management team, which develops short and medium-term plans, estimates, sub-goals, breaks down the strategy by divisions, attracting and allocating resources, as well as controlling the work of subordinate organizational divisions. The operational (controlling) management develops short-term plans and programs, controls the use of resources and the implementation of assigned tasks by specific working groups.

Impact of IMS on the efficiency of the organization

MIS influences many characteristics of an organization. Let's consider in more detail the most important of them.

1. Labor productivity (operational efficiency). It has to do with the speed, cost, and quality of performing routine tasks. To increase labor productivity, organizations use transaction processing systems. For example, to manage inventory in a warehouse in order to reduce the costs associated with their maintenance. In this case, the computer determines the optimal stock of products in the warehouse, monitors the current quantity. Another example is increasing the productivity of office workers using text editors. At the same time, the time for preparing the text is reduced, especially in cases when the text is revised several times. Also, productivity in the office is increased through the use of desktop publishing systems and presentation graphics systems.

2. Functional efficiency can be improved through the use of DSS. For example, credit card company American Express uses artificial intelligence systems to improve its credit authorization functions. These systems combine the expertise of all the best credit managers.

3. Customer service quality. An example is the use of banking machines (ATMs). A normal ATM operates 24 hours a day every day. It allows you to withdraw cash from your account at any time of the day.

4. Product creation and improvement... There are two types of products: information-intensive and traditional. Information-intensive products are produced in banking, insurance, financial services, etc. Information-intensive products can be created and improved on the basis of modern information technologies.

5. ISU open up an opportunity for the company changes in fundamentals competition. For example, in the 70s. one major distributor of magazines and newspapers began recording weekly supplies and returns of printed matter from each retailer. After that, he used a program that determined the income per unit area of ​​each publication for each seller, then - compared the results, grouping them according to economically and ethnically similar areas. After that, the distributor informed each of the sellers of the range of publications that was optimal for his area. This allowed for increased revenue for distributors and retailers.

Plan

Introduction 3

Chapter 1. Information systems. 5

Chapter 2. Types of information systems. 7

2.1 Dialogue Request Processing Systems (TPS). ten

2.2. Systems of knowledge work and office automation. ten

2.3 Management Information Systems (MIS). ten

2.4 Decision support systems (DSS). eleven

2.5 Executive Systems (ESS) 13

Conclusion 15

Used literature 16

Introduction

The transition to market relations in the economy and scientific and technological progress have extremely accelerated the pace of implementation of the latest achievements in the field of informatization in all spheres of the socio-economic life of Russian society.

Informatization in the field of economic process management presupposes, first of all, an increase in the productivity of workers by reducing the cost / production ratio, as well as improving the qualifications and professional literacy of specialists engaged in management activities 1.

Today information is considered as one of the main resources for the development of society, and information systems and technologies as a means of increasing the productivity and efficiency of people.

Information systems and technologies are most widely used in production, management and financial activities, although shifts have begun in the minds of people employed in other spheres regarding the need for their implementation and active use.

Relevance of work due to the need to consider information systems, as well as to use their capabilities to improve the efficiency of workers in the information sphere of production and support decision-making in organizations.

purpose of work- get acquainted with the existing variety of types of information systems.

To do this, you need to do the following tasks:

to reveal the essence of the concept of "information system";

consider the types of information systems in the organization;

Chapter 1. Information systems.

Management - essential function, without which the purposeful activity of any socio-economic, organizational and production system (enterprise, organization, territory) is inconceivable.

The system that implements the control functions is called the control system. The most important functions implemented by this system are forecasting, planning, accounting, analysis, control and regulation.

Management is associated with the exchange of information between the components of the system, as well as the system with the environment. In the process of management, information is obtained about the state of the system at each moment of time, about the achievement (or not achievement) of a given goal in order to influence the system and ensure the implementation of management decisions.

Thus, any system for managing an economic object has its own information system, called an economic information system.

Economic information system Is a set of internal and external flows of direct and feedback information communication of an economic object, methods, means, specialists involved in the process of information processing and the development of management decisions.

Automated information system is a collection of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools and specialists, designed for information processing and management decisions. 2

Thus, an information system can be defined from a technical point of view as a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store and distribute information to support decision making and management in an organization. In addition to supporting decision making, coordination, and control, information systems can also help managers conduct problem analysis, make complex objects visible, and create new products.

Information systems contain information about significant people, places and objects within an organization or in the environment. According to the sources of receipt, information can be divided into external and internal. External information consists of directives from higher authorities, various materials from central and local government bodies, documents from other organizations and related enterprises. Internal information reflects data on the progress of production at the enterprise, on the implementation of the plan, on the work of shops, service sections, on the sale of production. 3

All types of information required to manage an enterprise are an information system. Three processes in an information system produce the information that organizations need to make decisions, manage, analyze problems, and create new products or services — input, processing, and output. During the input process, unverified information is captured or collected from within the organization or from the external environment. During processing, this raw material is transformed into a more meaningful form. During the output stage, the processed data is transferred to the personnel or processes where it will be used. Information systems also need feedback, which is the returned processed data needed to accommodate elements of the organization to help evaluate or correct the processed data.

There are formal and informal organizational computer information systems. Formal systems rely on accepted and ordered data and procedures for collecting, storing, producing, distributing, and using that data.

Informal information systems are based on implicit conventions and unwritten rules of conduct. There are no rules on what information is or how it will be collected and processed. Such systems are essential for the life of the organization. They have a very distant relationship to information technology. 4

Chapter 2. Types of information systems.

Since there are different interests, characteristics and levels in an organization, there are different types of information systems. No single system can fully meet the needs of an organization for all information. The organization can be divided into levels: strategic, managerial, knowledge and operational; and functional areas such as sales and marketing, manufacturing, finance, accounting and human resources. Systems are created to serve these various organizational interests. The various organizational levels serve four main types of information systems: operational-level systems, knowledge-level systems, management-level systems, and strategic-level systems. 5

Types of information systems.

support operations managers, follow the elementary actions of the organization such as sales, payments, cash out deposits, payroll. The main purpose of the system at this level is to answer common questions and guide transaction flows through the organization. To answer these types of questions, information generally needs to be readily available, prompt and accurate.

Knowledge Level Systems support knowledge workers and data processors in the organization. The purpose of knowledge-level systems is to help integrate new knowledge into the business and to help an organization manage the flow of documents. Knowledge-level systems, especially in the form of workstations and office systems, are the fastest growing applications in business today.

Control level systems designed to serve the control, management, decision making and administrative activities of middle managers. They determine if the objects are working well and periodically notify about it. For example, a motion management system reports the movement of the total quantity of goods, the smoothness of the sales department and the department that finances costs for employees in all areas of the company, noting where actual costs exceed budgets.

Some control plane systems support unusual decision making. They tend to focus on less structured solutions for which the information requirements are not always clear.

Is a tool to help top-level executives prepare strategic research and long-term trends in the firm and in the business environment. The main purpose is to match changes in operating conditions with the existing organizational capacity.

Information systems can also be differentiated in a functional manner. The main organizational functions such as sales and marketing, manufacturing, finance, accounting and human resources are served by their own information systems. In large organizations, the sub-functions of each of these main functions also have their own information systems. For example, a manufacturing function might have systems for inventory management, process control, plant maintenance, automated engineering, and material requirements planning.

A typical organization has systems at various levels: operational, management, knowledge, and strategic for each functional area. For example, a sales function has an operational level sales system to record daily business data and process orders. The knowledge level system creates appropriate displays for the demonstration of the company's products. Management plane systems track monthly business data for all commercial areas and report areas where sales exceed or fall below expected levels. The forecasting system predicts commercial trends over a five-year period - serves the strategic level.

Consider certain categories of systems that serve each organizational level and their importance in the organization.

Strategic level systems

Executive systems (ESS) : 5-year sales prediction; 5-year operational planning; 5-year budget prediction; profit planning; personnel planning.

Management level systems

Control information systems (MIS) : sales management; inventory control; annual budget; investment analysis; analysis of displacements.

Decision support systems (DSS) : commercial analysis of the region; production planning; cost analysis; analysis of profitability analysis of the cost of contracts.

Knowledge Level Systems

Knowledge work systems (KWS) : graphic workstations; management workstations.

Office automation systems (OAS) : text editors; creation of images; electronic calendars.

Performance level systems

Dialogue query processing systems (TPS) : sales and marketing; production; finance; accounting; human resources.

The organization has Executive Support Systems (ESS) at the strategic level; management information systems - Management Information Systems (MIS); decision support systems - Decision Support Systems (DSS) at the management level; knowledge systems - Knowledge Work Systems (KWS); office automation systems - Office Automation Systems (OAS); at the level of knowledge; systems of dialogue processing of requests - Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) at the operational level. 6

Thus, typical systems in organizations serve to assist employees or managers at every level - in the functions of sales and marketing, manufacturing, finance, accounting and human resources.

Each system can have components that are used by different organizational levels or several at the same time. The secretary may find information on the MIS, the average manager may need analysis data from the TPS.

Within each of these levels of decision making, researchers classify decisions as structured and unstructured. Unstructured decisions are those in which the decision maker must provide judgment, assessment and insight into the application domain. Each of these decisions is original, important, has no analogues or developed methodology for their adoption. By contrast, structured decisions are repeatable and routine and have a defined procedure for making them so that they are not seen as new every time. Some solutions are semi-structured; in such cases, only part of the problem has a clear answer, provided in accordance with the accepted procedure.

Management operations staff are pretty good at solving structured problems. Strategic planners tackle very unstructured problems. Many of the problems that knowledge workers face are also rather unstructured. However, each level of the organization contains both structured and unstructured problems.

1. Dialogue request processing systems (TPS).

Dialogue query systems are the primary business systems that serve the operational level of an organization. Dialogue request processing system is a computerized system that executes and calculates routine transactions necessary for conducting a business. Examples are commercial sales calculations, hotel reservation systems, payroll, employee record keeping, and shipping.

At the operational level, tasks, resources and goals are predetermined and highly formalized. For example, the decision to grant a loan to a client is made by a lower-level manager according to predefined criteria. The only thing that needs to be determined is whether the client meets the criteria.

1. Knowledge work systems and office automation.

Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) and Office Automation Systems (OAS) serve information needs at the knowledge level of an organization. Knowledge work systems help knowledge workers, while office automation systems primarily help data processors.

In general, knowledge workers are people with advanced degrees, often in professions such as engineer, doctor, lawyer, and academics. Their job is primarily to create new information and knowledge. Knowledge work systems such as scientific or engineering workstations (s) and automated workstations (AWSs) contribute to the creation of new knowledge and ensure that new knowledge and technical expertise is properly integrated into the business.

Data processors are usually less educated and closer to processing than to creating information. They consist primarily of secretaries, accountants or managers, whose job is primarily to use or disseminate information.

Office automation systems are information technology applications designed to increase the productivity of data processors in the office.

1. Management Information Systems (MIS).

Management information systems serve the management level of an organization by providing managers with reports, in some cases with online access to the organization's current operations and historical reports. They usually focus almost exclusively on internal, non-environmental outcomes. MIS primarily serve the planning, management and decision-making functions at the management level. MIS summarizes the results and reports on the main activities of the company.

Characteristics of control information systems:

AIS supports structured and semi-structured solutions at the operational and management levels. They are also useful for planning general managerial staff;

AIS is oriented for reporting and control. They are designed to help keep track of activities up to date;

rely on existing shared data and data streams;

have few analytical capabilities;

help in making decisions using past and present data;

relatively inflexible;

have an internal rather than external orientation;

information requirements are known and stable;

often require lengthy process analysis and design. 7

MIS usually cater to managers interested in weekly, monthly and yearly results. These systems are generally inflexible and have few analytical capabilities. Most MISs use simple established practices such as summaries and comparisons as opposed to complex mathematical models and statistical methods.

1. Decision support systems (DSS).

In the 70s, a number of companies began to develop information systems that were completely different from traditional MIS systems. These new systems were smaller, more interactive, and were designed to help end users use data and models to solve semi-structured and unstructured problems. In the 1980s, these systems were used for groups and entire organizations.

These systems are called Decision Support Systems (DSS). As we noted earlier, decision support systems aid management decision making by combining data, complex analytic models, and user-friendly software into a single powerful system that can support semi-structured and unstructured decision-making. DSSs are user controlled from inception to implementation and are used on a daily basis.

The core concept of DSS is to give users the tools they need to analyze important chunks of data using easily manageable complex models in a flexible way. DSSs are designed to provide capabilities, not simply to respond to information needs.

There is a significant difference between structured, unstructured and semi-structured solutions. Structured problems are repeatable and common, and known algorithms provide solutions for them. Unstructured problems are original and unusual, for them there are no algorithms to solve: everyone finds their own answer. Partially structured problems fall between structured and unstructured problems. DSS is designed to support semi-structured and unstructured application analysis.

Decision making involves four stages: recognition, design, selection, and implementation. DSSs are designed to help design, evaluate alternatives, and oversee the implementation process.

It is a mistake to think that decisions are made in large organizations only by individuals. In fact, most decisions are made collectively. In a large organization, decision making is essentially a group process, and DSS can be designed to facilitate group decision making.

ComponentsDSS.

A decision support system has three main components: a database, a model, and a DSS software system. DSS Database - A collection of current or historical data from a number of applications or groups organized for easy access to areas of application. The DSS database management system protects data integrity while managing that stores the data stream as well as preserves historical data. DSS uses organizational data (from systems such as manufacturing and sales) so that individuals and groups are able to make evidence-based decisions. Data is usually retrieved from relevant databases and stored specifically for DSS use. Model - A collection of mathematical and analytical models that can be made readily available to the DSS user. A model is an abstract representation that explains the components or connections of a phenomenon.

Pattern analysis is often used to predict a sale. A user of this type of model could be supplied with a set of previous data to estimate future conditions and the sale that might result from those conditions. The solution maker can then change these future conditions (for example, higher raw material costs or new competitors in the marketplace) to determine how these new ones might affect sales. Companies often use this software to try and predict the actions of competitors.

The third component of DSS is the DSS software system, which provides easy interaction between system users, the DSS database, and the reference. The DSS software system manages the creation, storage and retrieval of models in an exemplary framework and integrates them with the data in the DSS database. The DSS software system also provides a graphical, easy-to-use, flexible user interface that supports dialogue between the user and the DSS. DSS users are usually executors or managers. They often have little or no computer experience, so the interface should be user-friendly.

Decision support systems (DSS) also serve the management level of an organization. DSS helps managers make decisions that are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly changing and that cannot be easily specified in advance. DSS should be flexible enough to be used multiple times a day to suit changing conditions. DSS mainly use internal information from TPS and MIS, but often enter information from external sources such as current exchange prices or competitor product prices.

Clearly, by design, DSSs have more analytical power than other systems: they are built with a number of models to analyze data. DSSs are built so that users can work with them directly; these systems explicitly include user-friendly software. DSS systems are interactive; the user can change assumptions and include new data. eight

1. Executive Systems (ESS).

Senior managers use a class of information systems called executive decision support systems (ESS) that serve the strategic level of the organization. They are focused on non-structural solutions and perform systems analysis of the environment better than any application-specific system. ESSs are designed to include data on external outcomes such as new tax laws or competitors, but they also select aggregated data from internal MIS and DSS. They filter, compress, and expose critical data, reducing the time and effort required to obtain information that is useful to leaders. ESS uses the most advanced graphics software and can deliver graphics and data from many sources immediately to a senior manager's office or boardroom.

Unlike other types of information systems, ESSs are not designed to solve specific problems. Instead, ESSs provide generalized computations and data transfers that can be applied to a changing set of problems. ESS tend to use fewer analytical models than DSS.

ESS helps you find answers to the following questions:

What business should we be in?

What are the competitors doing?

What new acquisitions would protect us from cyclical business fluctuations?

Which divisions should we sell to increase cash flow?

ESS consists of workstations with menus, interactive graphics and communication capabilities that can access historical and competitive data from internal systems and external databases. Since ESS is designed to be used by senior managers who often have little direct contact with machine information systems, ESS has an easy-to-use interface. nine

Conclusion

An information system is a system designed to maintain an information model, most often - any area of ​​human activity. This system should provide means for the flow of information processes:

getting

storage

broadcast

transformation of information.

An information system is an organizationally ordered set of documents (arrays of documents) and information technologies, including the use of computer technology and communications that implement information processes.

The variety of tasks solved with the help of IS has led to the emergence of many different types of systems that differ in the principles of construction and the rules for information processing inherent in them.

The creation and use of an information system for any organization is aimed at solving the following tasks:

To increase the efficiency of company management by providing managers and specialists with the most complete, timely and reliable information on the basis of a single data bank.

Improve office work by optimizing and standardizing workflow, automating its most time-consuming procedures.

Reduce the cost of doing business by automating information processing processes, regulating and simplifying the access of company employees to the necessary information. Change the nature of work of employees, relieving them of routine work and giving them the opportunity to focus on professionally important responsibilities.

Provide reliable accounting and control of receipts and expenditures Money at all levels of government.

Middle and lower managers analyze the activities of their departments and promptly prepare summary and analytical reports for management and related departments.

To increase the efficiency of data exchange between individual departments, branches and the central office.

Ensure complete security and data integrity at all stages of information processing.

Thus, the main purpose of the information system is to create a modern infrastructure for managing an enterprise, organization, institution.

References

Afanasyev S. V., Yaroshenko V. N. Efficiency of information management support. - M., 2007.

F.V. Babkin "Electronic commerce and new organizational forms of companies", Management in Russia and abroad, issue 1, 2000.

Grabaurov V.A. Information technology for managers. - M .: Finance and Statistics, 2009.

Gromov G.R. Essays on information technology. - M .: InfoArt, 2009

5. Information technology management: Textbook. textbook for universities / Ed. prof. G.A.Titorenko. 2nd ed., Add. M .: UNITY-DANA, 2009

6. Personnel management system: Prospect BOSS-Corporation. M .: System BOSS-Kadrovik, 2005.

7. Personnel management of the organization: / Ed. A. Ya.Kibanova. - M .: INFRA-M, 2004.

8. Personnel management of the organization: / Ed. A.I. Turchinov. M .: RAGS, 2003.

Internet resources:

www. rus- lib. ru/ book/38 /

www. citforum. ru/

1 Afanasyev S. V., Yaroshenko V. N. Efficiency of information support of management, p. eleven

2 Gromov G.R. Essays on Information Technology, p. 37

3 Afanasyev S.V., Yaroshenko V.N.Efficiency of information management support, p.41

4 Gromov G.R. Essays on Information Technology, p. 38

5 Grabaurov V.A. Information technology for managers, p.69

6 Babkin F.V. "Electronic commerce and new organizational forms of companies", Management in Russia and abroad, p.6

Type information systems: systems with an operational level, systems ... the main provider of information for the rest types information systems in the organization, because contains both operational and archival ...

Currently, in practice, two classes of information implementations are used.
systems (IS) management of the organization. In fig. 5 shows the classification of managers
information systems on vehicles. The first ":; is based on automation of accounting
accounting functions. Systems of this class are most common in domestic ATO.
The second class of IP is initially based on automation of production
functions. Systems of this class meet the requirements of the de facto standard for control IC
EKP organization

organizations).

Rice. 5. Classification of control information systems in vehicles

It is a set of proven principles, models and procedures of management and control, which serve to improve the efficiency of the organization. The E standard combined extensive experience in the practical use of IS that meet the requirements of MKR-P (Mapisplipo Kezoigse P1annig - planning of production resources) and RKR (Pmanaa! Transportation management system fully compliant with the standard EKR, must support 16 functional subsystems:

Transportation planning and related planning of supporting production processes (e.g. maintenance and repair);

Demand management for the provision of transport services;

Drawing up a plan of production activities;

Material needs planning; O

Specifications and technological maps of the services provided;

Warehouse management;

Planning for interaction with partners;

Management of production processes at the level of a separate department;

Planning of the transport capacity of the fleet;

Control of input and output information;

Procurement Management;

Planning the distribution of resources between organizational units;

Planning and control of production and technological operations;

Financial management;

Modeling;

Assessment and analysis of the results of the park.

In ISs supporting EKR, new modules of the system can be integrated with the main core of the system in a natural way. They appear and are embedded in the logical control chain as the need to ensure uninterrupted supply of the fleet with materials, components, equipment, finances, orders, etc. is identified.

Automated systems in road transport are currently being developed in four directions (see Figure 9.9).

Automatic driver training systems(simulators) reduce costs and time for training a driver's staff. Simulators are indispensable for practicing actions to prevent emergencies in difficult and unforeseen conditions. This is especially important when you consider that a modern road train can transport goods worth several million rubles.

Automatic systems at substations, which are designed to facilitate the work of the driver, include the following basic systems:

AB8 - anti-lock braking system - allows you to maintain the vehicle's trajectory when braking on a non-uniform road surface in adhesion to the wheels;

Automatic transmission control - helps to reduce driver fatigue and focus his attention on the road conditions;

Cruise control - allows you to automatically maintain the set speed of the vehicle:

E8P - traction control system - avoids slipping of one of the driving wheels;

OZS - dynamic stabilization system - helps to maintain the vehicle's trajectory when cornering.

Integration individual systems in the future, it will create an automatic control system for automatic telephone exchanges. Already now, the large automobile corporations Volyo and Megseuos have joined forces in the development of special systems for controlling trucks. Imagine a convoy of 20 trucks or road trains traveling at speeds of up to 110 km / h and driven by one person in the lead vehicle. Currently, a prototype is being tested on the roads of Scandinavia, which so far consists of only two road trains, which can move at speeds up to 60 km / h within cities and up to 80 km / h in the suburbs.

First of all, automatic control systems for automatic telephone exchanges will be implemented in technological transport at large terminals, seaports, etc.

Automatic positioning systems SS, identification of SS and cargo have already found a fairly widespread use in AT and have been discussed in detail earlier.

Systems for automatic execution of business processes allow you to automate the implementation of individual operations of the transportation process. Most often, such systems are based on automatic systems for identifying aircraft and cargo, which can be data sources for making a decision on the choice of certain actions in the transport process. For example, sorting of goods at the terminal to form a route batch or, already mentioned earlier, the system of transport control of rubber goods at the Torfyanovka border crossing (see subsection 6.9).

Systems for automatic determination of aircraft location, identification of aircraft and cargoes, execution of business processes are of great importance as suppliers of objective

information in real time into automated control ICs. The use of automatic systems for the preparation of initial information into control information systems creates the basis for building a control system based on the principles of EKR.

Automated systems, based on a set of technical means, information support and software packages, provide an improvement in the quality of management decision-making by reducing the time for analyzing the control object and considering a large number of options for the development of the situation based on modeling.

Orientation of automated systems to decision making processes due to the fact that these processes are central to production management at all levels. Decision-making processes are carried out by various organizations and individuals on the basis of information received by them about the progress of the production process. The incoming information is analyzed, the emerging problem is formulated, and the ways of its solution are sought. Any problem arises, develops, exists for some time and, finally, disappears (is solved or self-liquidated). The importance of a problem for production management can be expressed through the intensity of its manifestation. As a rule, the intensity of the manifestation of the problem over time changes as shown in Fig. 6.

The automated control IS is designed to reduce the time associated with the analysis and calculation of solution options, leaving the manager with a choice best option and making the final decision. To accomplish this task, the automated system must contain the appropriate Information Support(fig. 7), thanks to which there is the possibility of planning the transport process, processing data on the process of delivering goods or passengers and making a timely decision about the need! adjusting plans in real time.

All information that ensures the functioning of the IS, according to the principle of formation, is divided into intramachine and out-of-bus. Intra-machine information mainly formed in the process of developing an information management system for the delivery of goods and passengers. As a rule, this information component operates under the control of a specially developed application, the structure of this information is relatively stable and only the data values ​​change.

The change in the internal machine information occurs under the influence of data external to the information system. These data refer to off-machine information and are formed on the basis of changes in factors affecting the operation of the system (changes in legislation, regulations, conditions of transportation, etc.).

Intermediate information - the result of processing operational information received from the control object. Based on intermediate information, output information - the result of the work of the IS.

A more complete concept of the information system was given by William Davis and David Yen in their work "An Information Systems Consultant's Handbook: Analysis and Design of Systems." In a broad sense, an information system is a combination of technical, software and organizational support, as well as personnel, designed to provide the right people with the right information in a timely manner.

The Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 27, 2006 (as amended on 04/06/2011), No. 149-FZ "On information, information technology and information protection" interprets the concept of an information system as follows: "information system is a set of information contained in databases information and information technologies and technical means ensuring its processing "

The information management system is a software and hardware complex for organizing the information management process, which helps to manage the enterprise processes in the required time frame with maximum accuracy.

Thus, the information system is a set of functional structure, information, mathematical, technical, organizational and personnel support, which are combined into unified system in order to collect, store, process and issue the necessary information to perform management functions. It provides information flows:

1.information flow from the external environment to the management system, which, on the one hand, is the flow of regulatory information created by state institutions in terms of legislation, and on the other hand, the flow of information about market conditions, created by competitors, consumers, suppliers;

2. information flow from the management system to the external environment (reporting information, primarily financial information to government agencies, investors, creditors, consumers; marketing information to potential consumers);

3. the information flow from the control system to the object is a set of planned, regulatory and administrative information for the implementation of business processes;

4.information flow from the object to the control system, which reflects accounting information about the state of the control object economic system(raw materials, materials, cash, energy, labor resources, finished products.

Information systems solve the following main tasks:

· Search, processing and storage of information that accumulates for a long time and the loss of which is irreparable. Computerized ICs are designed to process information faster and more reliably, so that people do not waste time, to avoid inherent random errors, to save costs, to make people's lives more comfortable.

· Storing data of different structures. There is no developed IS working with one homogeneous data file. Moreover, a reasonable requirement for an information system is that it can evolve. New functions may appear that require additional data with a new structure. In this case, all previously accumulated information should remain intact. In theory, you can solve this problem by using several external memory files, each of which stores data with a fixed structure. Depending on how the file management system is organized, this can be a file record structure or be supported by a separate library function written specifically for this information system. There are known examples of really functioning ISs in which data storage was planned to be based on files. As a result of the development of most of these systems, a separate component has emerged in them, which is a kind of database management system (DBMS).

· Analysis and forecasting of information flows of various types and types moving in society. Streams are studied with the aim of minimizing, standardizing and adapting for efficient processing on computing machines ah, as well as the features of the flows of information flowing through various channels of information dissemination.

· Research of ways of presentation and storage of information, creation of special languages ​​for formal description of information of various nature, development of special methods of compression and coding of information, annotation of voluminous documents and abstracting them. Within the framework of this direction, work is being developed to create large-volume data banks storing information from various fields of knowledge in a form accessible to computers.

· Construction of procedures and technical means for their implementation, with the help of which it is possible to automate the process of extracting information from documents that are not intended for computers, but focused on their perception by a person.

· Creation of information retrieval systems capable of perceiving queries to information storages, formulated in a natural language, as well as special query languages ​​for systems of this type.

Creation of networks for storing, processing and transmitting information, which include information data banks, terminals , processing centers and communication facilities.

The tasks solved by information management systems are largely determined by the field of activity, structure and other features of specific enterprises. At the same time, an approximate list of tasks that an information management system should solve at various levels of enterprise management and for its various services can be considered generally accepted by now. The main tasks solved by information management systems:

At the management level:

1. providing information about the financial condition of the company at the current moment and preparing a forecast for the future;

2. ensuring control over the work of enterprise services;

3. ensuring a clear coordination of work and resources;

4. providing prompt information on negative trends, their causes and possible measures to remedy the situation;

5. formation of a complete picture of the cost of the final product (service) by cost components.

At the level of the financial and accounting service:

1. full control over the movement of funds;

2. implementation of the accounting policy necessary for management;

3. prompt determination of receivables and payables;

4. control over the implementation of contracts, estimates and plans;

5. control over financial discipline;

6. tracking the movement of goods and material flows;

7. prompt receipt of a complete set of financial reporting documents.

At the production management level:

1. control over the implementation of production orders;

2. control over the state of production facilities;

3. control over technological discipline;

4. maintaining documents for accompanying production orders (fence maps, route maps);

5. Prompt determination of the actual cost of production orders.

At the marketing service level:

1. control over the promotion of new products to the market;

2. analysis of the sales market in order to expand it;

3. keeping sales statistics;

4. informational support of the policy of prices and discounts;

5. using the base of standard letters for mailing;

6. control over the implementation of deliveries to the customer in the required time frame while optimizing transportation costs.

At the level of the supply and sales service:

1. maintenance of databases of goods, products, services;

2. planning delivery times and transportation costs;

3. optimization of transport routes and transportation methods.

At the level of inventory control:

1. management of a multi-tiered structure of warehouses;

2. prompt search for goods (products) in warehouses;

3. optimal placement in warehouses, taking into account storage conditions;

4. management of receipts taking into account quality control;

5. inventory.

The specific tasks to be solved by the information management system depend on the application area for which the system is intended: banking, production management, medicine, transport, education, etc.

Trends in the development of modern information technologies lead to a constant increase in the complexity of IP created in various fields.

The variety of tasks solved with the help of IS has led to the emergence of many different types of systems that differ in the principles of construction and the rules for information processing inherent in them. Information systems can be classified according to a variety of different characteristics.

Classification of information systems based on the structure of tasks.

There are three types of tasks for which information systems are created:

· Structured (formalized);

· Unstructured (non-formalized);

· Partially structured.

A structured (formalized) task is a task where all its elements and the relationships between them are known. Unstructured (non-formalized) task is a task in which it is impossible to select elements and establish links between them.

Information systems used to solve partially structured tasks are divided into two types, creating management reports and focused mainly on data processing; developing possible solution alternatives.

Classification of the information systems market by the scale of the system:

· Local systems (1C, BEST, Info - Accountant, etc.);

· Small integrated systems (Skala, Sail, Galaxy and others);

· Medium integrated systems (MFG-PRO and others);

· Large integrated systems (SAP / R3 others).

Classification of systems, which is based on the classification of business tasks.

Principles of classification of management information systems:

1. The level of strategic management (3 - 5 years);

2. The level of medium-term management (1 - 1.5 years);

3. The level of operational management (month - quarter - half year);

4. The level of operational management (day - week);

5. Real-time control level.

There are other types of classification of information systems. Abroad have been developed special programs Standards of information systems for enterprise management systems MRP, MRP-II, ERP, ERP-II.

MRP (Material Requirement Planning) is a system for planning material resource requirements (ensures the required amount of material remains in the warehouse). MRP-II (Manufacturing Resource Planning) - designed for planning production resources, i.e. resources used to manufacture products.

ERP (Enterprise Resourse Planning) - designed for planning and managing material, production and human resources. SAP R / 3 is an ERP enterprise resource management system or SAP ER. ERP-II - designed to manage resources and external relations of enterprises.

Information systems used to plan and manage various resources are called integrated management systems or corporate information systems.

The main components of information systems used in economics include: software and hardware, business applications, and information systems management.

1. Software and hardware of information systems:

· Technical means of information processing (computers and peripheral devices);

· System and service software (operating systems and utilities);

· Office software (MS Office);

Computer networks (communication equipment, network software and network applications);

· Databases and data banks.

2. Business applications (application programs):

· Local information systems (1C: Accounting, Infin, Parus, etc.);

· Small information systems (1C: Enterprise, Sail, Galaxy, etc.);

· Medium information systems (PEOPLE SOFT, BAAN, SCALA, etc.);

· Integrated management systems (ERP).

3. Management of information systems is intended to manage and support information processes of an enterprise (personnel management, development, quality, security, operational management, etc.).

Thus, information systems consist of three main components:

· Information technology (hardware and software of computers, telecommunications, data);

· Functional subsystems (production, accounting and finance, sales, marketing, personnel) and business applications (application programs for solving business problems);

· Management of information systems (personnel, users, development of IS, finance).

One of the links of information management systems is electronic document management. The introduction of electronic document management in an enterprise is a very important task and is often associated with a radical change in the business processes operating at the enterprise. By and large, with the installation of electronic document management, the organization changes its management style.

Strictly speaking, electronic document management should not be introduced as a tribute to the fashion for "progressive technologies". If an enterprise successfully operates without electronic or even without paper document management at all, it is very unlikely that the installation of electronic document management systems - an electronic document management system (EDMS) will make it more efficient. Speech in this case, most likely, can only go about the convenience of working with documents.

However, if the enterprise has the following problems, a simple document storage is indispensable, and you should seriously think about automating work with documents and business processes:

· There is a large flow of incoming, outgoing and internal (office) documents, the consideration of which seriously increases the time of work.

· Meetings with leaders of different levels are increasing and their duration is prolonged.

· The efficiency of making and implementing decisions is low and is constantly decreasing.

· Finding those responsible for violating the performance discipline becomes problematic.

· The number of reporting forms is growing.

· There is a problem of information leakage and violation of trade secrets.

Ignoring the above situations or trying to solve these problems without the help of automated software systems will lead to further exacerbation of the problems.

The functions of modern EDMS are very diverse. As a first approximation, they can be divided into the following categories:

· Storage and retrieval of documents;

· Support of the office;

· Routing and control of execution of documents;

· Analytical reports;

· Information Security;

· Additional (specific) functions.

Let's briefly consider the most popular functions from the listed categories:

Storage and retrieval of documents.

Centralized storage of documents is almost the only goal of the transition to electronic document management. In this regard, it is worth paying attention to the supplier of the data warehouse used in a particular EDMS. Can be used:

· Lotus Notes / Domino storages (for example, BOSS-Referent, CompanyMedia);

· Own formats of data storage (EVFRAT-Document flow);

· Microsoft SQL Server in various editions (Case, DIRECTUM, DocsVision, LanDocs, etc.);

Oracle (Atlas DOK, DOK PROF 2.0, etc.);

· Simultaneous support for MS SQL and Oracle (Delo, EVFRAT-Document Management, FossDoc, etc.);

· Other DBMS.

Among the functions for searching documents are distinguished:

· Search by attributes (fields) of documents;

· Search by files attached to documents (full-text search);

· Complex search (using logical operations).

Office and office support.

Supporting the work of the office is an important component of a work-oriented EDMS, both in government agencies and in commercial organizations. The main "clerical" functions include the following:

· Presentation of the document in the form of an electronic card - an analogue of the registration card of the document;

· Support for entering documents into the system from a scanner;

· Maintaining the nomenclature of cases;

Registration of documents, including those received by e-mail;

· Linking outgoing letters with incoming ones;

· Support for memos;

· Work with citizens' appeals;

· Work with applications;

· Keeping logs of registration and accounting of paper originals of documents;

· Support for hierarchical directories.

Routing and control of execution of documents.

Functions of this category are in demand both in large and small organizations and allow you to manage document flows in the enterprise and control the execution of work on documents. The main functions of this category include:

· Designing routes of documents with the possibility of their sequential-parallel execution;

· Support of various actions on documents during the route: sighting, approval, imposition of a resolution, signature, etc .;

· Sending documents both by standard, previously designed, and by free, user-defined routes during the task execution;

· Notification of employees on admission to them for execution of new documents;

· Notification of the completion of the stages of the routes;

· Support for versioning of documents (draft documents);

· Automatic control of the terms of execution of documents.

Analytical reports.

As a rule, reports in the EDMS are created for a specific organization. However, there are generally accepted reports such as:

· Report on the current employment of employees;

· Report on the performance of work on documents (retrospective);

· Report on overdue orders.

Information Security.

· Authentication of system users;

· Distribution of access rights for employees-users of the EDMS;

Support for electronic digital signature documents;

· Encryption of letters and documents;

· Keeping history and statistics of work with documents;

· Audit of users' work in the system.

Additional (specific) functions.

Some ERMS developers offer a number of specific functions inherent only in this particular system. For example, Lotsia PDM Plus is integrated with CAD systems and supports design documentation. The FossDoc system can be integrated with the corporate mail system FossMail from the same developer. Also interesting are the solutions offering integration with the popular ERP-system 1C Enterprise. Many EDMS provide their own APIs for the development of new functionality "for the customer".

In modern society, information management systems are widespread. They not only facilitate human labor by automating some of the processes, but also allow you to manage organizations in a qualitatively new way.

KE LEGCHAKOV, chief expert on foreign economic activity in a Russian state company, postgraduate student of the Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, [email protected]

Information management system:
definition and economic essence

In the article, the author focuses the reader's attention on the definition and economic essence of the information management system (IMS) in the XXI century. The article contains a description of the structural elements of an average statistical IMS, its place in a single information space of an organization, as well as the most common IMS functionality of a large Russian organization, implemented on the basis of the SAP ERP platform.

Control and planning are the most interrelated management functions that directly affect the management decision making (MDP) process in the organization. A modern manager in a small company can cope with the flow of information about the business process taking place in it. However, those functions that require rather specific knowledge and skills, while simultaneously characterized by a large volume of data flow, require automation - be it small stores with their own logistics systems; or audit firms with accounting and reporting systems; as well as the largest vertically integrated holding companies, in which it is necessary to control and plan many business processes and perform many management functions in a timely and efficient manner. What can we say from such companies as Mitsubishi, Siemens, etc., a kind of analogs of Japanese zaibatsu, which include hundreds of thousands of employees and conduct several businesses in various industries at the same time?

Of course, a huge layer of information used by company managers in the PTSD is obtained informally: communication with employees and clients of the organization, from the media, through personal channels. Undoubtedly, the information obtained from such sources is very useful, but it is not enough. The amount of information that the organization itself gives out in the course of its activities, as well as the speed of its issuance, processing and analysis, require formal means of working with it.

Collection, storage, processing, analysis, use and protection of information are the main functions that are performed by information management systems in companies in different sectors of the economy. These systems are designed to greatly simplify the work of people, eliminate a significant part of errors arising in production (including the influence of the human factor), improve the quality of products (services) and help the company's management make decisions based on high-quality and timely information about the activities of the entire organization as a whole. ...

The information management system “must provide information about the past, present and anticipated future. She must keep track of all relevant events inside and outside the organization. The overall goal of the IMS is to facilitate the effective implementation of planning, control and production activities. Its most important task is to issue the information you need the right people in the right time". One of the main requirements for information management systems is mandatory focus on the system user, and the degree of aggregation of information issued by the system must correspond to the level of responsibility and the role of an employee in the company, whether it is an IT service administrator or a CEO.

In order to give a definition of an information management system, it is worth referring to the international standard ISA-95 (The International Standard for the Integration of Enterprise and Control Systems):

Information Management System (IMS, or MIS - Management Information System, or Enterprise Resource Planning, ERP) is a set of components that prepare and provide management, production and financial information for decision making.

Many theorists and practitioners of the IT sphere naturally give their definitions, in many ways detailing and expanding the specified concept. For example, in textbooks on economic informatics, an information system is defined as "a system designed to collect, transmit, process, store and issue information to consumers using computing and communication equipment, software tools and service personnel."

In turn, the structure of a modern IMS is as follows (see Fig. 1).

Firstly, it is the system and technical infrastructure (STI), which, from a technological point of view, includes the following equipment subclasses:

• Computing equipment- solves infrastructural and business problems and performs data processing operations.
• Storage systems- solves infrastructure problems and deals with data storage.
• Periphery equipment- deals with solving business problems and data input / output.
• Telecommunication equipment- this is the connection between the elements of the I&C system, implemented using telephony, local area networks, intranet, internet.

Secondly, it is an information security subsystem (ISPS). In practice, it is a complex of information protection tools.

The third of the basic components is software (software), which defines the IMS as a whole. Software is divided into general (system), instrumental and applied (special). The general software supports the operation of equipment (including POIB) and other software. The instrumental is intended for the development of software necessary to ensure the functioning of the system elements. Application software, like general software, supports the operation of equipment, but at the end-user interface level. Naturally, in different systems the names of the modules, as well as their functionality, can vary. Also, their number may be different. However, these are basic in most systems.

The three above-mentioned elements of the information system in the literature are also called the hardware-software platform.

And, of course, the main element is a set of key and end users (company employees and interested third parties with the right to access the system).

An additional element that is often highlighted is the IT service. This service performs the functions of supporting the operability of the entire I&C system and supporting the users of the system:

• Call center functions- support of users on the issues of organizing access to the system, receiving and processing applications for emerging issues and problems and their further transfer to the technical support service;
• technical support functions- repair and improvement of individual elements of the system, providing the system with additional (new) developments.

Many ICS today are open systems... Integration with adjacent and external systems is a new stage in the development of the practice of working with IMS. Thanks to the integration of the IMS with other systems, information on the activities of the organization has become more accurate and high-quality. And the managerial decisions made by the management of the companies have acquired greater validity.

When choosing an I&C system for an enterprise, management should pay attention to a number of criteria. For software, this is compliance with the business requirements of the organization; market share and successful implementation experience in industry organizations, in the world and in Russia; performance and scalability; compliance with system and technical requirements; availability of services for implementation and technical support... For STI and POIB - the speed of performing operations with data; system failure statistics; recall time. The most indicative characteristic of the IMS from an economic point of view is the total cost of ownership of CERs (Total Cost of Ownership - TCO).

In addition to the considered technological classification of an information system according to ISA-95, IMS can also be considered from the point of view of a functional classification.

In theory, they often talk about the information infrastructure of a company, highlighting the strategic, tactical and operational levels of management. Each level of management corresponds to its own degree of information aggregation.

In practice, the generally accepted concept is the "single information space" (UIS) of an organization. In turn, the IMS is only a part of the UIS. Therefore, in order to form an idea of ​​the place of the IMS in a single information space, it is necessary to describe general structure SIS of the organization (see Fig. 2).

A two-tier functional-organizational classification of information systems, which includes production systems and business systems, is widely used in the world. The first answer the question "where are my stocks and what happens to them?" ...

To understand the difference between these classes of systems, it is necessary to analyze them according to a number of criteria. So, from the point of view of the time interval, production systems (APCS as a class of enterprise information systems) operate in real time, and business systems (I&C as a class) - periodically, having time lags, both in the receipt of data and in their processing. By management objectives: production systems are responsible for the physical movement of stocks (products, resources) and its tracking, business systems are designed to analyze the economic components of production (for example, cost, profitability, etc.). Exaggerating, we can say that APCS is a means of looking from the side of the machine tool, ICS - from the side of the management (board of directors) of the company.

IMS (information management systems) as a class of information systems includes:

• IAS (information and analytical systems)- information and control systems, with a certain frequency and upon request, collecting, updating, processing and providing analytical information, as well as providing the ability to plan and manage corporate functional processes for the management of the organization.
• IMS P (information and control systems of the enterprise):
  • IMS PTP (information and control systems for production and technological processes)- information and control systems, with a certain frequency and upon request, collecting, updating, processing and providing data on production and technological processes, automating the complex of production and technological processes, as well as providing the ability to manage the complex of technological processes to the management and IT service.
  • IMS R (information management systems for resources)- information and control systems, with a certain frequency and upon request, collecting, updating, processing and providing data on production processes, including the movement of material, human, financial resources and information, as well as providing the ability to manage the main (production) processes at the enterprise for management.

APCS (automated control systems for technological processes- systems consisting of personnel and a complex of means for automating their activities and exerting a control effect on technological processes) as a class of information systems includes:

• IASU TP (integrated automated control systems for technological processes):
  • APCS TO (automated control systems for technological processes of technological objects)- automated control systems for technological processes, which collect, update, process and provide data on separate technological processes of an enterprise in real time, as well as provide an opportunity for service personnel to directly control the technological process and individual functional processes.
  • SPB (fire safety systems)- fire extinguishing systems in real time.
  • STM (telemechanics systems)- Components automated system process control of an enterprise that collects and provides single readings on the parameters of technological processes in real time and operates without human control.
  • ACS (automatic control systems)- systems of automatic control of technological processes of the enterprise, in real time collecting, updating, processing data and automatic control according to the STM complex, functioning without human control.

If we consider the company in the context of the theory "Organization as an organism", then in relation to the EIS we can say that the IMS is a kind of brain and nervous system of the organization.

The face of any information system is its interface. In IMS, these are primarily functional (application) modules, through which the user enters the virtual world of his company, reflecting its real state at a certain point in time. In modern IMS, for example, in the most popular SAP R / 3 system today, there are the following modules (see Fig. 3):

• Materials Management (MM)- Inventory management (Supply). The module groups the functions of managing the full cycle of material flows, starting with their acquisition, internal storage control and ending with the control and registration of the actions of the entire organization on the use of materials for the production of final products.
• Sales and Distribution (SD)- Sale and distribution (Sales). This module is used to sell and deliver the company's products and services to customers and business partners. The module uses information about products and customers.
• Production Planning (PP)- Production planning (Production). This module is designed to support the function of total industrial production and other activities in order to best meet the current planned sales levels (sales plan and forecasts) at the junction of the main business objectives in terms of profitability, competitiveness, customer service time. One of the main goals is to create a pace of production that will achieve management's goal of meeting customer demand while maintaining an increase or decrease in inventory, and therefore costs of the organization.
• Plant Maintenance (PM) – Maintenance and equipment repair (maintenance). Supports the planning, processing and execution of maintenance tasks. Allows you to optimize the repair schedule, which, in turn, reduces the costs of not fulfilling the production and sales plan.
• Quality Management (QM)- Quality control. Provides the ability to conduct quality inspections of procurement, research, production and sales, and track test results for buyers and for inspection personnel.
• Financial Accounting (FI)- Accounting (Finance). The module is designed for automated control and reporting. External reporting, profit and loss reporting, balance sheets. The expense and income streams are presented within the same organization. Contains internal reporting by cost center.
• Asset Accounting (AA)- Accounting for fixed assets. The module provides an opportunity for the acquisition, depreciation, valuation and write-off of assets. IMS allows you to automate the control process, including the depreciation of assets.
• Human Resources (HR)- Personnel Management. The module is designed to keep track of wages, control working hours and organize personnel data. Planning and control of personnel activities is supported.
• Industry Solutions (IS)- Industry solutions. Today IMS is scalable and flexible and can be adapted to suit the specific needs of each business. Examples: Aerospace and Defense, Banking, Telecommunication.
• Project System (PS)- Project management. Provides the ability to plan, manage and cost projects. Common tasks are accomplished by managing resources, people in charge and money within a defined project schedule and task relationship. A kind of extended counterpart Russian system Project Expert.

Naturally, there may be more modules in modern I&C systems. Only the main ones are listed here.

This is how the information management system looks like in the 21st century. Its difference from the older variations is that its functionality is more decomposed and allows the company to maintain a high degree of organization of the data characterizing its activities. From an economic point of view, I&C is an asset of the company, which is created by construction and maintained in operation in order to carry out economic activities by the organization. eof

Keywords: management information system, enterprise resource planning (ERP) system.

Management Information System: Definition and Economic Essence

Legchakov K.E., international business chief expert in a Russian state-own company, postgraduate on faculty of economics at the Lomonosov Moscow State University, [email protected].

Summary: In this article the author stresses readers ’attention at the definition and the economic essence of a management information system(MIS) in XXI century. The article contains description of MIS structural elements, its position at a company’s integrated information space, and also the most distributed at Russia MIS functional, based on SAP ERP platform.

Keywords: management information system, enterprise resource planning (ERP).

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