Information technologiesmanagement is a combination of methods and means of search, collection, processing, storage, transmission and protection of information and knowledge for solving management problems based on software and computer and telecommunication equipment. In modern management, automated information technologies are increasingly being used, i.e. management technologies implemented using hardware and software.

The main the functions modern information technologies for enterprise management - search, collection, processing, storage of necessary data, development of new information, solving optimization problems (Fig. 15.1). At the same time, the task is not only to automate the time-consuming, regularly repeated routine operations of processing a large amount of data, but also to obtain fundamentally new information by processing the data necessary for making effective management decisions.

The development of information technologies for managing an organization is preceded by a detailed examination and analysis of a managed facility, tasks and management structure, content and information flows. Based on this analysis, an information management model of the organization is being developed that fixes the relationship between data processing tasks and new information flows. Then the selection of technical means is made and the corresponding information technology is developed.

Information technology begins to play a leading role in managing the development of virtually any socio-economic process. The efficiency of social production is largely determined by the degree of use of information processing tools (computer technology, photocopiers, telephones, software), the density of the stream of inventions of new products and new technologies using computer programs. That is why value added is a product of information transformations. However, you should not think that information technology

Fig. 15.1.

exhausted by the technical side of the matter (computers, telecommunications, the Internet, multimedia technologies, etc.). The main thing in new information technologies is not networks and technical capabilities, but the desire of the staff to bring something new to their organization, as well as the commitment to cooperation from partners, consumers and contractors.

In the economy of any developed country or region, information management becomes the basis for any improvement, any progress. The information component begins to dominate in any production and in any business. The development of the information component is both a factor, an indicator and a result of the development of a country or region. The information and communication capabilities of a country or region are becoming the driving force behind their development. In other words, the development of information infrastructure becomes a factor of attraction and development of business activity. Computer networks, computer technology, computer design, communications today are what they were at the end of the XIX century. Railways - a catalyst and factor in the socio-economic development of society as a whole. Information, knowledge today is the most important resource for the development of any socio-economic system, and the maturity of information technologies, technologies for the development, transfer and use of knowledge determines the pace of development.

Information technologies significantly expand management capabilities, as they provide managers with the latest methods for processing and analyzing economic and social information necessary for making informed management decisions.

The use of information technology significantly reduces the costs of other types of society resources. At the same time, information technology not only saves resources, but also leads to fundamentally new solutions that begin to make up the essence of public life. Many types of modern activities cannot be carried out outside of information technology. A significant part of the people who have commas in social production use computers in their work. At the same time, computers have entered our lives relatively recently. Older people still remember how large organizations had mashburos in which specially trained typists on typewriters typed texts.

In modern working life, people are increasingly using the Internet as a universal means of finding the necessary information and sharing it. They also use mobile phones with their Internet access features.

Information technology has changed the content of the work of many people. For example, a financial advisor cannot carry out its activities without monitoring global financial trends online. In the activities of a supermarket, a significant proportion is the processing of information on the movement of commodity stock, on the movement of stocks and on fluctuations in demand for certain goods.

Currently, the practice of managing commercial firms uses a variety of systems that are offered by software manufacturers. Among them, the most common are the following.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) . This is a class of integrated management systems, which is a unified centralized database, a single application and a common user interface for managing financial and economic activities. They cover such areas of the enterprise as planning and forecasting, sales management, inventory management, production management, procurement, finance, etc. (repairs, management reporting, consolidation).
Customer Relationship Management CRM (Customer Relationship Management). This is a class of enterprise external relations management systems. CRM customer relationship management systems include management methods to improve sales performance. In such systems are reflected many of the achievements of modern marketing. They provide management of the company’s relationship with its customers (customers), partners, dealers and the outside world. This is a tool for automating the work of marketing, sales and customer service departments, as well as a set of additional services in the form of corporate portals, call centers, online help desks for clients, corporate knowledge bases, etc. Information support systems for analytical activities BI (Business Intelligence). These systems serve as a repository of analytical data; they also include a set of information processing tools. They are a data warehouse with a set of tools for obtaining data from ERP and other systems and methods for subsequent analysis of the collected data. Modern information technologies have a significant feature: if at the dawn of their appearance, information processing automation tools were mainly applied to existing management procedures, recently the situation has changed radically. Information technology is becoming a kind of catalyst for the dissemination of advanced management experience and modern management technologies. At the same time, they optimize business processes in accordance with the latest achievements of management theory and practice.

The main result that the customer receives is an effective enterprise management system based on network computer technologies. Through the optimization of business processes, management decision support mechanisms, it is possible to obtain additional resources for development and serious competitive advantages.

These are not always complex and ramified systems; sometimes they help people in very ordinary and routine activities. For example, consider the information system in hotels of the Grecotel chain. This system was created for the Olympics, held in Greece, and was further developed during its operation in many hotels of this network.

Grecotel hotels are large hotels, most of them are positioned as holiday hotels on the coast. During lunch, the restaurant simultaneously hosts several hundred people, each of whom counts on personal service. And each guest receives just such a service - fast, efficient, personalized.

Instead of a notepad, each waiter has a compact personal computer connected via a Wi-Fi wireless communication system to the central hotel server. After the waiter has accepted the order from the client, he is instantly transferred to special interfaces in the kitchen and in the buffet, where orders are completed. Then the generated order arrives in the restaurant hall with an indication of the client’s table. At the same time, an invoice is automatically generated, which the client pays at the end of the stay in the hotel. Using this online information system, you can also find out when a client has settled, when he is going to leave the hotel, if he has previously used the services of this hotel chain, where he lives permanently, what services he received at the hotel and how much he must pay for them.

The system solves several problems at once. Firstly, ordering is much faster than using traditional technology. Also increases the accuracy of the execution of orders. The number of necessary waiters is reduced, the entire work of the restaurant is streamlined. There is the possibility of daily monitoring of the activities of not only the entire hotel, but also separately restaurants and bars. Moreover, online you can monitor the activities of the entire hotel chain.

This system can be attributed, on the one hand, to the ERP system, and on the other to the CRM system, since it has the functions of collecting personal information about each client in order to individualize the service.

This example is also very indicative of the fact that the system, being quite new in 2004, ceased to be such by 2010. In one of Bern's squares in the summer of 2010, in a small restaurant focused on quick individual service for tourists, one could see a semblance of a system that was the pride of managers of one of the best hotel chains only 6 years ago. In other words, management information technologies are rapidly developing and are rapidly becoming obsolete. Innovations in management today are growing so fast that they can be compared in pace with innovations in nanotechnology or in genetic engineering.

Management information systems are actively used not only in the management of corporations, but also in state and municipal management, in the management of universities, state and public organizations. Within the framework of the so-called e-government, every resident of the city can not only receive the necessary information about the work of city organizations via the Internet, but also send a request, print a document or participate in a survey of residents. In other words, the information technology used in urban governance promotes democracy and brings city authorities closer to urban residents.

Systems that ensure the use of new information management technologies are actively being introduced into the practice of Russian organizations. Due to the high pace of development of information technologies in the last decade, Russia has been able to reduce the gap between developed countries and the level of informatization of the economy and society.

Characteristic and purpose

The purpose of management information technology is to satisfy the information needs of all, without exception, company employees dealing with decision-making. It can be useful at any level of management.

This technology is oriented to work in the environment of an information management system and is used for the worst structured tasks to be solved when compared with tasks solved using information processing technology.

Management ICs are ideally suited to meet the similar information needs of employees of various functional subsystems (units) or levels of company management. The information they provide contains information about the past, present and probable future of the company. This information is in the form of regular or special management reports.

To make decisions at the level of management control, information should be presented in an aggregated form so that trends in data changes, the causes of deviations and possible solutions are viewed. At this stage, the following data processing tasks are solved:

· Assessment of the planned state of the control object;

· Assessment of deviations from the planned state;

· Identification of the causes of deviations;

· Analysis of possible decisions and actions.

Management information technology is aimed at creating various types of reports.

Regularreports are created in accordance with the established schedule determining the time of their creation, for example, a monthly analysis of company sales.

Special reports are created at the request of managers or when something unplanned happened in the company.

Both types of reports can take the form of summarizing, comparative and emergency reports.

AT summarizing Data reports are grouped into separate groups, sorted and presented in the form of subtotals and final totals for individual fields.

Comparativereports contain data obtained from various sources or classified according to various criteria and used for comparison purposes.

Emergencyreports contain data of an exceptional (emergency) nature.

Using reports to support management is particularly effective in implementing the so-called deviation management.

The deviation management assumes that the main content of the data received by the manager should be deviations of the state of the company’s business from some, and deviations of the state of the company’s business from some established standards (for example, from its planned state) should be. When using the principles of deviation management at the company, the following requirements are imposed on the generated reports:

· A report should only be created when a deviation has occurred;

· The information in the report should be sorted by the value of the indicator critical for this deviation;

· It is desirable to show all deviations together so that the manager can catch the connection existing between them;

· The report must show a quantitative deviation from the norm.

Main components

The main components of information management technology are shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. The main components of IT management.

Input information comes from operational level systems. The output information is formed as management reports in a form convenient for decision-making.

The content of the database using the appropriate software is converted into periodic and special reports received by specialists involved in decision-making in the organization. The database used to obtain the specified information should consist of two elements:

1. data accumulated based on the assessment of operations conducted by the company;

2. plans, standards, budgets and other regulatory documents that determine the planned state of the control object (company unit).

Office automation

Characteristic and purpose

Historically, automation began in production and then spread to the office, with the initial goal of only automating routine secretarial work. With the development of communications, the automation of office technologies has interested specialists and managers who saw it as an opportunity to increase their productivity.

Office automation (Fig. 3) is designed not to replace the existing traditional personnel communication system (with its meetings, phone calls and orders), but only to complement it. Used together, both of these systems will provide rational automation of managerial work and the best provision of information to managers.

Fig. 3. The main components of office automation.

An automated office is attractive for managers of all levels of management in a company, not only because it maintains intercompany communications between staff, but also because it provides them with new means of communication with the external environment.

Office Automation Information Technology - organization and support of communication processes both within the organization and with the external environment on the basis of computer networks and other modern means of transmitting and working with information.

Office automated technologies are used by managers, specialists, secretaries and office workers, they are especially attractive for group problem solving. They help to increase the productivity of secretaries and clerical workers and enable them to cope with the increasing volume of work. However, this advantage is secondary compared to the possibility of using office automation as a tool for solving problems. Improving the decisions made by managers as a result of their better communication can ensure the economic growth of the company.

Currently, there are several dozen software products for computers and non-computer hardware that provide office automation technology: a word processor, a tabular processor, email, an electronic calendar, audio mail, computer and newsgroups, video text, image storage, and specialized management programs: maintaining documents, monitoring the execution of orders, etc.

Non-computer tools are also widely used: audio and video conferencing, facsimile, photocopy and other office equipment.

Main components

Database. A mandatory component of any technology is a database. In an automated office, the database concentrates the data on the production system of the company in the same way as in the data processing technology at the operational level. Information in the database can also come from the external environment of the company. Professionals should be familiar with the basic technological operations of working in a database environment.

Example. The database collects information about daily sales transmitted by the company's sales agents to the main computer, or information about weekly supplies of raw materials.

Daily information on exchange rates or stock quotes of securities, including shares of this company, which are daily adjusted in the corresponding database array, can be received from the exchange by e-mail daily.

Information from the database goes to the input of computer applications (programs), such as a word processor, tabular processor, e-mail, computer conferences, etc. Any computer application in an automated office provides employees with communication with each other and with other companies.

The information obtained from the databases can be used in non-computer hardware for transmission, replication, storage.

Word processor. This is a type of application software designed to create and process text documents. It allows you to add or remove words, move sentences and paragraphs, set the format, manipulate text elements and modes, etc. When the document is ready, the employee rewrites it to external memory, and then prints it and, if necessary, transfers it over a computer network. Thus, the manager has at his disposal an effective form of written communication. Regular receipt of letters and reports prepared using a word processor enables the manager to constantly evaluate the situation at the company.

Email. E-mail (E-mail), based on the network use of computers, allows the user to receive, store and send messages to their partners over the network. Only unidirectional communication takes place here. This limitation, according to many researchers, is not too important, since in fifty cases out of a hundred telephone service calls are aimed only at obtaining information. To ensure two-way communication, you will have to repeatedly send and receive messages by e-mail or use another method of communication.

E-mail may provide the user with various options depending on the software used. For the message to be sent to all email users, it should be placed on a computer bulletin board, if desired, you can indicate that this is private correspondence. You can also send a shipment with a notification of receipt by the addressee.

When a company decides to implement email, it has two options. The first is to buy your own hardware and software and create your own local network of computers that implement the email function. The second possibility is related to the purchase of an email service, which is provided by specialized communications organizations for a periodically paid fee.

Audio mail. This is mail for voice messaging. It resembles an email, except that instead of typing a message on a computer keyboard, you send it via telephone. Also by phone you receive sent messages. The system includes a special device for converting audio signals into digital code and vice versa, as well as a computer for storing audio messages in digital form. Audio mail is also implemented on the network.

Audio messaging mail can be used successfully for group problem solving. For this, the sending message must additionally indicate a list of persons to whom the message is intended. The system will periodically ring all the indicated employees to send them a message.

The main advantage of audio mail over electronic mail is that it is simpler - you do not need to enter data from the keyboard when using it.

Table processor. Like a word processor, it is a basic component of the information culture of any employee and automated office technology. Without knowledge of the basics of the technology of work in it, it is impossible to fully use a personal computer in their activities. functions of modern software environments of table processors allow you to perform numerous operations on data presented in tabular form. Combining these operations according to common features, we can distinguish the most numerous and applicable groups of technological operations:

· Data input both from the keyboard and from databases;

· Melon processing (sorting, automatic generation of totals, copying and transferring data, various groups of calculations, data aggregation, etc.);

· Output of information in printed form, in the form of imported files to other systems, directly to the database;

· High-quality design of tabular data presentation forms;

· Multifaceted and high-quality data presentation in the form of charts and graphs;

· Carrying out engineering, financial, statistical calculations;

· Conducting mathematical modeling and a number of other auxiliary operations

Any modern table processor environment has a means of sending data over the network.

Electronic calendar. It provides another opportunity to use the network version of a computer to store and manipulate the work schedule of managers and other employees of the organization. The manager (or his secretary) sets the date and time of the meeting or other event, looks at the resulting schedule, makes changes using the keyboard. The technical and software of the electronic calendar is fully consistent with similar components of email. Moreover, calendar software is often an integral part of email software.

The system additionally makes it possible to access also the calendars of other managers. She can automatically coordinate meeting times with their own and schedules.

Using the electronic calendar is especially effective for managers of higher levels of management, whose working days are scheduled long in advance.

Computer conferences and teleconferences. Computer Conferences use computer networks to exchange information between members of a group that solves a specific problem. Naturally, the circle of people with access to this technology is limited. The number of participants in a computer conference can be many times greater than audio and video conferencing.

In literature, you can often find the term teleconference. A teleconference includes three types of conferences: audio, video, and computer.

Video text. It is based on the use of a computer to obtain the display of text and graphic data on a monitor screen. For decision makers, there are three ways to obtain information in the form of video text:

· Create video text files on their own computers;

· Conclude an agreement with a specialized company to gain access to the video text files developed by it. Such files, specially designed for sale, can be stored on the servers of the company providing such services, or delivered to the client on magnetic or optical disks;

· Conclude agreements with other companies to gain access to their video text files.

The exchange of catalogs and price tags (price lists) of their products between companies in the form of video text is now becoming increasingly popular. As for companies specializing in the sale of video text, their services begin to compete with such print products as newspapers and magazines. So, in many countries it is now possible to order a newspaper or magazine in the form of video text, not to mention the current summaries of exchange information.

Image storage. In any company, you need to store a large number of documents for a long time. Their number can be so great that storing even in the form of files causes serious problems. Therefore, the idea arose not to store the document itself, but its image (image), and to store it in digital form.

Image storage (imaging) is a promising office technology and is based on the use of a special device - an optical image recognizer, which allows you to convert the image of a document or film into digital form for further storage in the external memory of the computer. The image saved in digital format can be displayed at any time in its real form on the screen or printer. For storing images, optical disks with huge capacities are used. So, on a five-inch optical disc, you can write about 200 thousand pages.

It should be recalled that the idea of \u200b\u200bstoring images is not new and was implemented earlier on the basis of microfilms and microfiches. The creation of this technology was facilitated by the emergence of a new technical solution - an optical disc in combination with digital image recording.

Audio conferencing. They use audio communications to maintain communications between geographically remote employees or company units. The simplest technical tool for the implementation of audio conferencing is telephone communication, equipped with additional devices that enable more than two participants to participate in a conversation. Creating an audio conference does not require a computer, but only involves the use of two-way audio communication between its participants.

The use of audio conferencing facilitates decision making, it is cheap and convenient. Audio conferencing improves when the following conditions are true:

· The employee organizing the audio conference must first ensure that all interested parties can participate in it;

· The number of conference participants should not be too large (usually no more than six) to keep the discussion within the framework of the problem under discussion;

· The conference program should be communicated to its participants in advance, for example, using facsimile;

· Before starting to talk, each participant should introduce himself;

· Recording of the conference and its storage should be organized;

· The conference record should be printed out and sent to all its participants.

Video conferencing. They are intended for the same purposes as audio conferencing, but with the use of video equipment. Their conduct also requires a computer. During a videoconference, its participants, distant from each other at a considerable distance, can see themselves and other participants on the television screen. Simultaneously with the television image, sound is transmitted.

Although video conferencing can reduce travel and travel expenses, most companies use them not only for this reason. These firms see them as an opportunity to attract the maximum number of managers and other employees geographically remote from the main office to solve problems.

Three video conferencing configurations are most popular:

· one-way video and audio communication . Here, video and audio signals go only in one direction, for example, from the project manager to the performers;

· one-way video and two-way audio . Two-way audio communication enables conference participants receiving video to exchange audio information with the participant transmitting the video signal;

· two-way video and audio communication . This most expensive configuration uses two-way video and audio communication between all conference participants, usually with the same status.

Fax. This connection is based on the use of a fax machine capable of reading a document at one end of a communication channel and reproducing its image on the other.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

One of the main factors influencing scientific and technological progress on all spheres of human activity is the widespread use of new information technologies. Among the most important and massive areas in which information technology plays a decisive role, the management sphere occupies a special place. Under the influence of new information technologies, fundamental changes are taking place in management technology (the processes of substantiation and decision-making are automated, the organization of their implementation is automated), the qualifications and professionalism of specialists involved in managerial activities are improved.

The scope of application of new information technologies based on personal computers and developed means of communication is very extensive. It includes various aspects - from providing the simplest functions of official correspondence to system analysis and supporting complex decision-making tasks. Personal computers, laser and optical equipment, the media and various types of communications (including satellite communications) allow institutions, enterprises, firms, organizations, labor collectives and individual specialists to receive at the right time and in full the necessary information for the implementation of professional, educational, cultural and similar purposes.

1. The structure of automated information technology and control systems

Explanatory Dictionary of Informatics gives the following definition of information technology. Information technology is a combination of methods, production processes, and software and hardware integrated into a technological chain that provides for the collection, storage, processing, output, and dissemination of information to reduce the complexity of the processes of using information resources, increase their reliability and efficiency.

As noted, it makes no sense to talk about the useful information contained in the signal if the task is not indicated. The expediency of using a computer for information processing can also be determined only by a task or a task situation, i.e., a specific situation in the subject area, for which it is necessary to develop a managerial decision. In business, the use of a computer consists of identifying task situations, classifying them, and using common tools (hardware and software) called technologies to solve them. Technology is the rules of action using any means that are common to a whole set of tasks or task situations. If the implementation of the technology is aimed at developing a control action, then this is a management technology.

1.1 the composition of the information technology management

For the informatization of society and business, a wide range of software and hardware is needed, including computer technology and communications. Various technical means provide reception and transmission of three main types of information (speech, printed text, graphics) in statics and dynamics with the maximum use of the three senses of human perception (hearing, touch, sight). Relatively bulky devices are directly connected with a person, ensuring the coordination of various man-machine input and output information flows (displays) of the keyboard, mouse, joysticks and other manipulators, and much more, including electronic tablets and displays). Technical means of communication ensure the transfer of information in an external business environment. Moreover, the communication system uses not only “clean” communication devices, but also information and communication computers. At a business enterprise, depending on the scale and characteristics of entrepreneurship, one to several thousand computers can be used to store and process information.

Software tools provide data processing and consist of general and applied software and software documents necessary for the operation of these programs. Common software includes operating systems, programming systems, and maintenance programs that provide a service for operating a computer, detecting errors during failures, and restoring corrupted programs and data. Application software defines the diversity of information technology and consists of individual application programs or packages called applications. A number of applications can be used by all users, and the application of some applications requires a certain level of skill of the designer.

A variety of hardware and operating systems forced developers to introduce the concept of a platform. The platform determines the type of computer and operating system on which the information technology used can be installed. Practice shows that the evolution of the software and hardware complex goes on continuously as the qualifications and level of knowledge of those who actually use these tools are improved. The modularity of software and hardware is the key to the evolutionary development of systems. International organizations and large informatics firms offer de jure and de facto standards for hardware and software interfaces.

An interface is a technology for communicating with a computer and interacting parts of a computer. In other words, this is a pairing of parts of informatics [information (data), programs, equipment], in which all information, logical, physical and electrical parameters meet established standards. And it is through standardization of the interfaces that the specialist-functioner is compatible with the computer, i.e., through the standards of the interface, the specialist-functionary can perform certain actions (certain technology) using the computer to turn data into information. Thus, the information and command environment is a combination of software and information support and a certain interface standard.

The subject of this discipline is automated management information technology (AITU). AITU receives information that is processed, and the results obtained are also presented in the form of information. When creating a unified information processing system, the designer must strive to ensure the integrity of the system using special system-forming components for this. The property of integrity consists in the creation of new functions inherent in the system in the formation of new knowledge. Overcoming organized complexity (inherent in any system) consists in simplification, optimization, and multi-level and multi-aspect modeling. At the same time, one should not forget about the property of integrity, since each specialist-functionary creates his own aspect model (accountant - one, technologist - another, etc.).

Under the automated management information technology is understood a system of methods and methods for collecting, accumulating, storing, searching, processing and protecting management information based on the use of developed software, computer facilities and communications, as well as the ways in which this information is provided to users.

1.2 Properties, structure and classification of automated information management technologies

information network management solution

The use of automated information management technologies made it possible to present in a formalized form suitable for practical use a concentrated expression of scientific knowledge and practical experience for the implementation and organization of social processes. At the same time, it is expected to save labor costs, time and other material resources necessary for the implementation of these processes. Therefore, AITU play an important strategic role, which is constantly growing. This is due to a number of properties inherent in automated information technology, which are:

allow to activate and efficiently use the information resources of society, which saves other types of resources;

implement the most important, intellectual functions of social and economic processes;

allow optimizing and, in many cases, automating information processes during the formation of the information society;

provide informational interaction of people, which contributes to the dissemination of media. Information technologies are quickly assimilated by the culture of society, remove many social, domestic and industrial problems, expand domestic and international economic and cultural ties, affect the migration of the population on the planet;

occupy a central place in the process of intellectualization of society, the development of the educational system, culture and new (on-screen) art forms, the popularization of masterpieces of world culture and the history of human development;

play a key role in the processes of obtaining, accumulating, disseminating new knowledge;

allow to implement methods of information modeling of global processes, which provides the ability to predict many natural situations in regions of increased social and political tension, environmental disasters, major technological accidents.

The structure of a specific automated information management technology for its implementation involves the presence of three components:

a complex of technical means, consisting of computer, communication and organizational equipment;

software systems consisting of system (general) and application software;

a system of organizational and methodological support, including instructive and normative-methodological materials on the organization of work of managerial and technical personnel within the framework of a specific AITU for providing managerial activity.

The structure of AITU can be represented by the following generalized scheme (Fig. 2.1).

Automated information technologies by the method of implementation in an automated information system are divided into traditional and new. Traditional AITU existed in the conditions of centralized data processing and, before the mass use of personal computers, they were mainly focused on reducing the laboriousness of the regular reporting processes. New information technologies are associated with real-time management process information support.

A new information technology is a technology that is based on the use of computers, the active participation of users (non-professionals in the field of programming) in the information process, the high level of a friendly user interface, the widespread use of general and problematic application packages, the use of real-time mode and user access to remote databases and programs thanks to computer networks.

According to the degree of coverage of management tasks, automated information technologies are divided into the following groups:

electronic data processing;

automation of management functions;

decision support;

electronic office;

expert support.

According to the class of technological operations being implemented, AITU can be divided into:

systems with a text editor;

table processor systems;

database management systems;

systems with graphic objects;

multimedia systems;

hypertext systems.

As a user interface, automated information technologies are divided into:

batch (centralized processing);

conversational;

network (multi-user).

By the method of building a network AITU can be divided into: "local; “Multi-level; “Distributed.

In the subject areas served, automated information technologies are divided into technologies:

accounting;

banking activities;

tax activity;

insurance activities, etc.

In multi-level and distributed AITU, the problems of operational work with information and the problems of analyzing economic situations in the development and adoption of managerial decisions can equally well be solved. The need for analytical work during the transition to the market, in the context of the formation of new organizational structures that operate on the basis of various forms of ownership, is growing immeasurably. This problem is solved by improving integrated information processing when a new information technology begins to include knowledge bases in the work.

In connection with the rapid development of telecommunications services and the possibility of access to remote information resources of all countries and continents, a shift in emphasis occurred in the formulation of criteria for the effectiveness of automated systems and technologies. If in the conditions of an administrative-command system the main emphasis was on identifying the costs of computer-aided processing of information, then at present the most relevant are:

operational decision making;

the degree of adequacy of analytical data to real processes;

the possibility of using economic and mathematical methods and models to analyze specific financial and industrial situations.

Such a formulation of questions introduces a research aspect into the practice of entrepreneurship and management, requires new scientifically based decisions, approaches and qualified personnel.

Foreign experts identify five main trends in the development of information technology management:

to change the characteristics of the information product, which is increasingly turning into a hybrid between the result of settlement and analytical work and the specific service provided to an individual user of a personal computer;

to the parallel interaction of logical AITU, combining all types of information (text, graphics, numbers, sounds) with an orientation toward the simultaneous perception by a person through the senses;

to eliminate all the intermediate links on the way from the source of information to its consumer (for example, it becomes possible to direct communication between the author and the reader, seller and buyer, singer and listener, scientists among themselves, the teacher and the student, specialists through a video conferencing system, email, etc. P.);

to the globalization of information technology as a result of the use of satellite communications and the worldwide Internet, so that people can communicate with each other and with a common database, being anywhere in the world (a leading trend);

to convergence, considered as the last feature of the modern development process of AITU, which consists in blurring the differences between the areas of material production and the information business, in maximizing the diversification of firms, the interpenetration of various industries, the financial sector and the service sector.

2. The concept of the platform as a complex of hardware and software

In the traditional sense, the platform is a complex of hardware and software on which the computer user software operates. The basis of the hardware platform (hardware platform) is the processor. The type of processor determines the hardware architecture — the hardware platform, that is, the type and characteristics of the computer.

There are several directions for the development of hardware platforms for personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, large computers and supercomputers. In the world of personal computers, which currently occupy a leading position in providing information management technologies, IBM-compatible personal computers with Intel processors (the x86 processor family) are the most widespread. In addition, companies previously engaged in the manufacture of Intel-compatible processors joined the battle for leadership in the production of a new generation of x86 processors. These are Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Cyrix Corp. Another vivid representative of the world of personal computers are Apple Macintosh computers.

The concepts of “software platform” (software platform), or “software” came to life with the development of the computer industry. Without software, a computer is just an electronic device that cannot be controlled and therefore cannot be useful. Depending on the functions performed by the software, it can be divided into two large groups: system and application software.

System software is a “software shell” of hardware designed to separate other programs from direct interaction with equipment and organize information processing in a computer. Application software is designed to solve specific tasks of the user. System software includes such types of programs as operating systems, various service tools that functionally complement the capabilities of operating systems, and tools (database management systems, programming systems, expert system shells).

The main component of the system software - the operating system performs the following functions:

1) the organization of multi-purpose computer work, in which it is possible to simultaneously execute several user programs;

2) organizing the storage of programs and user data on information carriers and, possibly, authorizing access to this information;

3) providing user interaction based on a graphical interface;

4) providing network capabilities, i.e., the ability to access information stored in the memory of another computer on a local or global network.

The latter feature has now become standard for any modern operating system. Nevertheless, when classifying operating systems, two groups can be distinguished according to this criterion. This is, firstly, systems designed for use in communication nodes of corporate networks, and systems for network workstations. Examples of such systems are Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0, Novell Netware 4.x (for communication nodes) and Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 4.0 - (for workstations).

3. Local and global information networks

An information (computer) network is a group of computers interconnected with the help of special equipment that provides data exchange. Computers located within one or more adjacent buildings and connected using high-speed network equipment are called a local area network. To connect a computer to a local network, you need a device called a network adapter. Modern network adapters provide information transfer at a speed of 10-100 Mbit (million bits) per second. When combining computers located at a greater distance from each other (in different cities, countries), they talk about a global network. The main (most popular at present, but far from the only) data transmission channel in this case is the telephone channel. The device required to connect the computer to the telephone line is called a modem. The data transfer rate here is less than in local networks and is significantly dependent on the quality of the communication channel and the type of modem. Currently, there is a tendency to connect local networks to the global global Internet.

There are several ways to connect computers to a local network. The most widely used topologies are “star”, “common bus”, “ring”. The star topology assumes that each computer is connected using a separate cable to the combining device. The common bus topology involves the use of a single cable, to which all computers on the network are connected. In the “ring” topology, data is transferred from one computer to another as if by relay. Several local networks made using various topologies can be combined into a single network.

Data transmission over the network is subject to certain rules. A set of rules for the interaction between network computers is called data transfer protocols, or network protocols. Protocols determine the format, synchronization method, sequence, error handling methods for data transmission. Transferring data between computers requires many steps. For example, to transfer a file from one computer to another, the file must be divided into parts, these parts must be grouped in a certain way.

Thus, the computer receiving the file must receive additional information on how the formed groups are interconnected, as well as information on the synchronization method, information that allows correcting errors related to data transfer, etc. Given the complexity of the communication between computers, this process is usually broken down into steps. Each such step is carried out in accordance with its own rules, that is, in accordance with its protocol. Working on a local network, users can send text messages to each other, access files located on the local drives of other computers on the network, and use other devices (resources) of the network. An example is the use of a printer connected to another computer on the network.

The concept of "global network" is currently synonymous with the concept of Internet. The Internet network is a set of servers and local networks created on the basis of computers of various capacities, from small with UNIX or Microsoft Windows NT operating systems to mini-computers and large computers. These computers serve as data warehouses and belong to various organizations, commercial and non-profit, universities, research institutes, national libraries, individuals, etc.

Servers are interconnected by various communication lines: satellite, fiber-optic, as well as telephone. WAN servers can be included in local networks. Currently, the Internet provides users with such services as email, file transfer, viewing and receiving information organized in the form of hypertext files (Word Wide Web service), electronic conferences, Telnet. Consider these types of services in more detail.

3.1 Email

This service was implemented first. But even now almost all users of the global network resort to its services. Email is the most convenient and fastest way to deliver messages anywhere in the world. In order to send an email, you must know the email address of your correspondent. In addition to a text message, you can send an arbitrary file via e-mail. On the Internet, there are so-called distribution servers, capable of automatically sending messages upon prior request. Using such a server, you can subscribe, for example, to an electronic version of a newspaper or receive any other periodically updated information in the form of letters.

3.2 File Transfer

To transfer files, the FTP protocol (File Transfer Protocol) is used, which allows you to transfer files from the disks of a remote server to the local drive of your computer. Convenient programs have been developed that resemble the well-known Norton Commander shell, simplifying the file transfer process. In addition, to receive files from FTP servers, you can use navigator programs designed to work with WWW servers. The latter are becoming the most popular means of storing and presenting information on the Internet,

3.3 World Wide Web Servers

E-mail and file transfer - this is where the formation of global networks began. Recently, there has been an avalanche-like increase in the number of WWW (World Wide Web) servers around the world, which can be used to present multimedia information related to a wide variety of spheres of human activity. WWW servers store information in the form of hypertext files prepared in a special way. These files link to other files of the same kind, to files containing images, sound, etc. It is noteworthy that the links can point to files located not only on the same WWW server, but also on any other server connected to Internet network.

3.4 Electronic Conferences

In the global network there are electronic conference servers that store articles (in the form of text documents), united in groups. Having access to such a server, network users can send their articles to the groups they choose, as well as view and receive articles written there by other users.

Groups are created by interests, and there are a large number of such groups and more and more new ones appear. By sending articles to the conference, you can participate in the discussion of any problem related to the topic of the conference. Most conferences are available throughout the Internet (global conferences). There are also local conferences available to a limited number of Internet users. There is the possibility of subscribing to the conferences of interest to you. In this case, you will receive new articles from the conference of your choice.

3.5 Telnet Tool

There are many servers on the Internet that provide users with access to their console (screen and keyboard). Typically, these servers are running a UNIX operating system. To access the computer console, you must connect to the Internet and run a program called TELNET. Versions of this program are available for almost any operating system. In particular, TELNET is available on Microsoft Windows 95 n Microsoft Windows NT operating systems. By its purpose, the remote computer console is no different from the local one. Therefore, you can control the operating system from a character terminal connected directly to the computer.

4 . The use of automated information technology in project management

Almost every business project is quite complex, so its breakdown into stages and its internal relations should be recorded on paper. The developed plan is a kind of model that allows you to connect the plan data with other factors and serves as the basis for assessing the implementation of the plan and managing the work. During the first half of the 20th century, linear diagrams were used as such models. A large complex project can contain hundreds or even thousands of operations. Leaders cannot remember the many details of all tasks. They keep only a few goals or nodal events accounted for, so nodal events have been added to line charts. This approach was a definite stage in the development of linear diagrams, which had to be completed before developing more rigorous methods. Line charts are simple to construct, but they do not characterize the relationship between different operations. They do not allow you to answer the following questions:

is it possible to shorten the duration of an operation ?;

is it possible to change the sequence of some operations ?;

if there are temporary deviations in the implementation of the project, how many subsequent operations are affected by this deviation?

In addition to line charts, the following tools were used for project management:

tables of labor costs, which show how many specialists of various professions are required;

tables of resource costs, which indicate the timing of the preparation of drawings, approval of these drawings and samples of materials, start of production, periods of shipment, receipt and use of materials;

equipment tables containing data on the types and quantities of equipment to be purchased or leased;

financial tables showing income and expenses;

S-curve, which indicates the predicted and actual cumulative percentage of completion of project tasks as a function of time.

With the transition from simple line diagrams to more complex network diagrams, operations research methods, such as linear programming, machine modeling, dynamic process research, methods of scientific labor organization, inventory management, quality management, etc., have become increasingly used in business activities.

In 1956, DuPont specialists tried to use computers to draw up a construction schedule. As a result, a rational and simple method for describing a project using a computer was created. Later he received the name of the critical path method (CPM). In 1957, the General Directorate of Arms of the US Navy began to implement a project consisting of 60 thousand operations. This was the Polaris program, which required the coordination of the work of about 3,800 major contractors. To manage the implementation of this project, a special method of work planning was created based on the optimal logical process diagram, called the program analysis and evaluation method (PERT). This method allowed the project management to know exactly what needs to be done at a given time and who exactly needs to do it, as well as the likelihood of the timely completion of individual operations. This and other methods were subsequently developed to such an extent that with their help it became possible to plan and manage the implementation of projects containing up to several hundred thousand operations. Another control method is the analysis and graphical assessment (GERT) method, which is used when it is not necessary to complete all operations to complete a project.

Along with the introduction of computer technology, operational research methods, CPM and PERT methods into the sphere of managerial activity, certain successes were achieved in another area. A new approach was developed to solve complex technical problems, namely, a systematic approach, which was considered as a series of logically interconnected steps with which you can use numerous project management tools to achieve the optimal result.

The first systems made it possible to present the project in the form of a network, to calculate the early and late dates of the beginning and end of the project, to display the work on the time axis in the form of a diagram. Later in the system were added the capabilities of resource and financial planning, means of control of the progress of work. The use of systems has long been limited to traditional areas (large construction, engineering or defense projects) and required professional knowledge. However, over the past decade, the situation has changed dramatically due to increased power and lower cost of personal computers. Project management software and techniques, previously available only to wealthy organizations, have become part of the daily practice of medium and small companies.

Modern project management systems provide mainly a set of functionalities, which include:

design tools for the structure of the project;

critical path planning tools;

resource planning tools;

cost analysis;

means of monitoring the progress of the project;

reporting, graphing and charting tools.

Along with these functions, the most common project management packages can perform additional functions:

risk analysis;

accounting of working hours of performers;

schedule calculation with limited resources;

integration of project management systems into corporate management systems;

tuning universal packages to the specifics of a particular area.

Project management software is divided into professional systems and mass user systems,

Professional packages are flexible means of implementing the functions of planning and control, but they require significant financial investments, a lot of time for preparing and analyzing data, and highly qualified users. The main characteristic of mass user packages is lower cost, ease of use and speed of obtaining results. The most famous project management packages are presented in table. 6.1.

Table 6.1 Project Management Packages

In recent years, communication tools (email and Internet) have been integrated into project management tools. Currently, all major manufacturers of project management software are represented in Russia. One of the companies professionally working in the field of project management is Consulting PRIM. She represents the American company Primavera Systems on the Russian market, which is the leader among the developers of such packages, as well as RBSI, Primaplan and Inteс, which mainly solve automation issues for additional project management functions.

The acquisition of this or that software does not solve all the problems of effective project management. This requires the creation of an integrated information project management system. Without creating a formalized system, the project manager and its participants will face problems related to conflicts of goals, priorities, deadlines and reporting, and automation of the routine functions of collecting and processing information will leave managers more time to analyze and make decisions, implement creative approaches to project management.

The integrated automated project management information system has at least three levels of management:

level of strategic management;

level of current management;

level of performance.

At the level of strategic management, issues related to the approval of goals, priorities and financing of projects, control over the achievement of key, intermediate and final results for these projects are being resolved. At this level, the portfolio of projects is managed by the top management of the organization, so it requires easy-to-use means of collecting and presenting information.

At the level of current management, detailed planning of a set of works, resources and project control are carried out in time and cost. At this level, it is necessary to use powerful, flexible analytical and managerial tools for temporary, resource, financial planning and control, modern means of collecting, transmitting data and compiling reports.

At the project execution level, information is received from the level of the current project management and from functional units, and actual data on the implementation of the project is collected and transmitted. At this level, a team of performers needs simple and easy-to-use means of data input and transmission.

5. The use of simulation when making management decisions

One of the important features of control automation is the fundamental impossibility of conducting real experiments until the completion of the project. A possible solution is to use simulation models. The essence of the simulation method is to build the so-called simulation model of the object under study and to purposefully experiment with such a model to get answers here or other questions. Speaking about the method of simulation, as a rule, they mean a method focused on the use of computers, although any means can be used, including a sheet of paper and a pencil.

Another important aspect is the use of simulation models in the process of operating information management technologies for decision making. Such models are created during the design process so that they can be continuously upgraded and adjusted in accordance with the changing working conditions of users. The same models can be used to train personnel before putting information technologies into operation and to conduct business games.

5.1 General information about simulation

Simulation is a research method, which consists in simulating on a computer using a set of programs the process of functioning of the technology or its individual parts and elements. The essence of the simulation method is to develop such algorithms and programs that simulate the behavior of the system, its properties and characteristics in the composition, volume and area of \u200b\u200bchange of parameters necessary for the study.

The fundamental capabilities of the method are very large, it allows, if necessary, to study systems of any complexity and purpose with any degree of detail. The limitations are only the power of the computer used and the complexity of preparing a complex program package. Methods of simulation are developing mainly in the direction of studying the degree of similarity of simulation models to real systems and developing standard methods and techniques for creating simulation models.

There are two subclasses of systems focused on systemic and logical modeling. The subclass of system modeling includes systems with well-developed general algorithmic tools, a wide range of tools for describing parallel actions, time sequences of processes, as well as with the possibility of collecting and processing statistical material. The subclass of logical modeling includes systems that allow in a convenient and concise form to reflect the logical and topological features of the modeled objects that have the means to work with parts of words, format conversions, and record microprograms.

Simulation is mainly used for the following applications:

in the study of complex internal and external interactions of dynamical systems in order to optimize them. For this, the patterns of the relationship of variables are studied on the model, changes are introduced into the model, and their influence on the behavior of the system is observed;

to predict the behavior of the system in the future based on modeling the development of the system itself and its external environment;

in order to train personnel, which can be of two types: individual training of an operator managing a certain technological process or device, and training of a group of people who collectively manage a complex production or economic object. In the first case, the model is focused on training the psychophysiological characteristics of a person, so the models are called simulators. Models of the second type are much more complicated. They describe some aspects of the functioning of an enterprise or company and are focused on the issuance of certain technical and economic characteristics when they affect the input parameters of the control system (most often not an individual person, but a group of people performing various management functions).

Prototyping of the designed technology and the corresponding part of the managed facility is carried out in order to verify the proposed design decisions. It allows demonstrating the work of future automated technology in the most visual and understandable form for the customer, which contributes to mutual understanding and coordination of design decisions.

5.2 Simulation models of production processes

The type of model of the production process depends to a large extent on whether it is discrete or continuous. In discrete models, the variables change discretely at certain moments of the simulation time. Time can be taken as continuous or discrete, depending on whether discrete changes in variables can occur at any moment of simulation time or only at certain moments. In continuous models, variable processes are continuous, and time can be either continuous or discrete, depending on whether continuous variables are available at any moment of simulation time or only at certain points. In both cases, the model provides a block for setting the time, which simulates the advancement of model time, usually accelerated relative to real time.

The origins of the discrete approach to constructing a simulation model usually date back to the time when the idea arose to use a numerical method to solve a number of analytical problems, the essence of which is as follows. Based on the conditions of this problem, a random process is selected whose probabilistic characteristics (probabilities of the occurrence of random events, mathematical expectations of random variables, etc.) are equal to the desired solutions to the problem. Then, multiple reproduction (imitation) of a random process is carried out, and the resulting many realizations of the latter are subjected to statistical processing. With the advent of computers, the Monte Carlo method became widespread. At the same time, it became possible to select random numbers with virtually any distribution law using a computer and, thanks to this, the ability to simulate a wide variety of random processes on a computer. The object research method based on this approach is called the statistical modeling method.

The emergence of a continuous approach is associated with the emergence of various kinds of analog computers and their use for solving differential equations. Thus, we can say that the continuous approach was originally applied to simulate continuous real objects, the functioning of which was exhaustively described by differential equations.

A continuous approach to the construction of simulation models of very large social and industrial facilities is widely developed by J. Forrester. Regardless of the actual nature of its functioning, a simulated object is formalized (by Forrester) in the form of a continuous abstract system, between the elements of which continuous flows of one nature or another circulate. The structure of such a system is graphically represented in the form of a so-called diagram (scheme) of flows, for example, flows of information, materials, orders, cash, means of production, people, etc.

The main elements of a continuous system are abstract bunkers (tanks, reservoirs) and delay elements, which can also be represented in the form of peculiar bunkers. These two types of system elements perform basically the same functions as the integrating units and delay links (delay lines) of analog computers. A characteristic of the state of each bunker is the volume or level of the contents of one type or another (materials, cash, etc.) in it. The rate of flow circulating between these elements acts as a characteristic-effect of one element on another.

5.3 Simulation models of enterprises

To simulate complex production systems, the creation of a logical-mathematical model of the system under study is required, which allows carrying out computer experiments with it. The model is implemented as a complex of programs written in one of the universal high-level programming languages \u200b\u200bor in a special modeling language. With the development of simulation, systems and languages \u200b\u200bhave appeared that combine the capabilities of simulating both continuous and discrete systems, which makes it possible to simulate complex systems such as enterprises. The main purpose of enterprise models is to study them with the aim of improving the management system or training and professional development of managerial personnel. In this case, it is not production itself that is modeled, but the display of the production process in the control system.

Effective user experience with the model is achieved in dialogue mode. The most important conditions for the effective use of models is to verify their adequacy and reliability of the source data. If the adequacy check is carried out by known methods, then the reliability has some features. They consist in the fact that in many cases it is better to study the model and work with it not with real data, but with a specially prepared set of them. In preparing the data set, they are guided by the goal of using the model, highlighting the situation that they want to simulate and explore.

5.4 Examples of electronic document management

The program "1C: Electronic Document Management" is intended to automate the process of organizing document flows, their processing and storage. The program allows you to:

1) to develop document templates and establish rules for their completion by users;

2) formalize the life cycle of documents;

3) establish route schemes for passing documents;

4) control the work of performers and their implementation of time schedules;

5) provide confidential storage and processing of documents at the workplace;

6) automate most of the routine operations in the preparation of documents;

7) send and receive documents;

8) maintain a repository of documents and process them.

Documents are stored in folders in the machine. The search system allows you to create simple and complex queries and save search results for the period of work. Most operations are performed automatically (auto-acceptance, auto-control, etc.). The system supports several lists of documents (“under control”, “arrived”, “unsaved”, etc.). You can set a password to enter the system and choose a method for encrypting personal documents. Control of documents in progress is carried out automatically. Documents can be printed.

1C: Email can receive and send regular messages. The same program transfers the folder with documents to the database. The directory of the organization allows you to maintain a hierarchical structure of departments, maintain information communication between the boss and subordinates, maintain mailing lists of documents, etc. An external debugger allows you to simulate the passage of a document along a route. The route editor builds a route for passing documents, defines route points, u of which you want to send copies of documents to other users. Each participant in the route scheme can be set the right to view or edit the field. The time limits for processing a document are set for each participant in the route scheme.

5.5 Automation of business processes

One of the main tasks inherent in the electronic office is the management documentation, which consists of various types of office work and involves a large volume of business processes, including:

processing of incoming and outgoing information: reading and replies to letters (both in electronic form and conventional), writing all kinds of reports, circulars and other documentation, which may also contain figures and diagrams;

collection and subsequent analysis of certain data (for example, reporting for certain periods of time for various departments, organizations that meet different selection criteria). Here, as a rule, it is required to present the results clearly in the form of diagrams;

storage of the received information, providing quick access to it and the search for the necessary data, i.e., work with some databases.

The work should be well coordinated between the people performing it; close ties should be ensured, allowing the exchange of information as soon as possible, the process of movement of documents should be optimized as much as possible.

Analysis of business processes performed by office workers allows us to classify in a general way both the tasks solved by the enterprise (organization) and the performers of these tasks. Such a classification of tasks is based on the degree of their intelligence and complexity.

1. The simplest tasks, consisting of fully formalized procedures, the implementation of which does not present any special difficulties for the performers. These tasks are easily standardized and programmed. These include control and accounting, paperwork, duplication, distribution, etc. Such tasks are currently being solved by almost all automated information systems (for example, “Accounting”, “Production Preparation”, “Personnel”, “Warehouse” accounting ”, etc.). The tasks of this class, if they are used for decision-making, are called decision-making tasks in conditions of complete certainty. However, there are no random and uncertain factors. Such tasks are often solved by developing various types of information systems using the language of the database management system (DBMS).

2. More complex tasks are decision-making problems in risk conditions, that is, in the case when there are random factors for which the laws of their distribution are known. The formulation and solution of such problems are possible based on the methods of probability theory, analytical and simulation modeling.

3. Weakly structured tasks containing unknown or unmeasured components (not quantifiable). Such problems are characterized by the absence of solution methods based on direct data transformations. The setting of tasks is based on decision-making in conditions of incomplete information. In some cases, on the basis of the theory of fuzzy sets and applications of this theory, it is possible to construct formal decision schemes.

4. Tasks of decision-making in the face of opposition or conflict (for example, it is necessary to take into account the presence of active competitors pursuing their own interests). In the problems of this class, there may be random factors for which the laws of their behavior are known or not known. The formulation and solution of such problems are possible (though not always) by methods of probability theory, fuzzy set theory and game theory.

5. The most difficult decision-making tasks in the absence of formalization due to the high degree of uncertainty. Such problems include most of the problems of forecasting, long-term planning, etc. The basis for solving this class of problems is the creative potential of the performer, especially his personality, as well as attributes of his activity (awareness, qualification, talent, intuition, education, etc.) . The solution to such problems is possible with the use of expert systems.

5.6 Integrated software packages

The electronic office provides for the availability of integrated software packages, including specialized programs and information technologies, which provide a comprehensive implementation of the tasks of any subject area. Office software may also include:

analysis and scheduling program;

presentation program;

graphics editor;

fax modem maintenance program;

network software;

translation programs.

Office software products are used both independently and as part of integrated packages (IP). The integrated package for electronic office includes software products that interact with each other. The basis of the package is:

...

Introduction .......................................... 3

1.1 the Concept and classification of information technology …………… .. 6

1.2 Elements and means of using information technology in management ………………………………………………………………… 11

1.3 Criteria for assessing the effectiveness of creating an information system at an enterprise ……………………………………………… ........ 17

Chapter 2 Research on information technology in the organization LLC “Electroremont”

2.1 General characteristics of the organization LLC Elektroremont “…… ...... 23

2.2 analysis of the information system of the enterprise …………………… ... 26

2.3 Assessment of the impact of information technology on the effectiveness of the organization ………………………………………… ... 29

2.4 Recommendations for improving information technology in the organization ……………………………………………………………. .. 38

Conclusion …………………………………………………… 42

References …………………………………………………………………… ... 46

Appendices …………………………………………………………………………… ... 47

Introduction

In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to the adoption of numerous personnel decisions in the field of human resource management of various organizations. The development and adoption of such decisions is inextricably linked with the processes of information processing. The higher the effect of the use of personnel information, the more objective decisions will be made by managers on a wide variety of personnel problems. Among the most important problems associated with the use of modern technologies in the information environment of the enterprise, it is necessary to attribute the lack of the necessary theoretical and methodological justification and practical recommendations provided by the latest computer tools in the field of human resource management. In this regard, there is a need to generalize and disseminate the experience gained in the application of modern technologies both in Russia and abroad. Today's achievements of the developed countries of Europe, as well as the USA, Canada, Japan and other countries, are the result of a long and thorough improvement of various methods of human resource management and the use of the latest computer technologies (1, C. 20). The relevance of the study lies in the fact that today there is a search for new forms and methods of increasing labor efficiency, including through the use of modern information technologies in the field of personnel work. These processes are based both on the analysis and reassessment of traditional ideas about the management sphere as a whole, and on the conduct of relevant scientific research. The absence of the latter in their systematic and purposeful form led to the choice of the topic of this study aimed at improving the process of human resource management in the organization. In connection with today's informatization of Russia, there is an acute problem of choosing the optimal software for the successful existence of the company, and there is fierce competition in the current market for software products and the number of released software in the field of personnel and human resources management is quite large. The use of modern software in the work of personnel workers significantly increases the efficiency of labor activity of personnel at all levels of enterprise management. This can be explained by the fact that in the last decade, information flows have increased many times, which has a significant impact on the most informed decisions in the field of human resource management. To systematize the processes in human resource management at the moment it is necessary to review the software that the market offers to human resources managers and the personnel manager; it is also necessary to determine in solving which problems the software products offered today are indispensable. The object of research is modern information technology in the field of human resources management and in personnel work. The subject of the study is to identify trends in the development of information technology in human resource management. The purpose of this work:

· The study of theoretical and methodological foundations and conceptual provisions to improve the efficiency of human resource management using information technology,

· The study of information technology used in the activities of the organization,

To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

· Determine the role of information technology in human resource management,

· Conduct an analysis of the use of information technology as an example of the activities of the organization LLC Elektroremont,

Chapter 1 Information technology in management.

1.1 the Concept and classification of information technology.

The term "information technology" itself is based on the concept of "technology", which is quite stable and has appeared in the scientific and technical circulation in connection with the problems of organizing production. In one of the modern encyclopedic dictionaries, the following definition of this concept is given: Technology (from the Greek. Téchne - art, skill, ability and ... logic) , a set of techniques and methods for obtaining, processing or processing of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products or products carried out in various industries, in construction, etc .; A scientific discipline that develops and improves such techniques and methods. T. (or technological processes) are also called the operations of extraction, processing, processing, transportation, warehousing, storage, which are the main component of the production process. The structure of modern T. includes technical control of production. (4) Information considered as a resource causes the emergence of information technology. With this in mind, the following definition of information technology can be formulated: Information technology is a set of methods, production processes and software and hardware integrated into a technological chain that provides for the collection, processing, storage, distribution and display of information in order to reduce the complexity of the processes of using an information resource, as well as increasing their reliability and efficiency.

Information technology in the management of the organization.

1. The main trends in the development of ITU.

"Management" is applied in all spheres of human activity:

in technology (control of machines, technical processes);

in industrial and economic activity (management of production processes).

The purpose of the "Management" is to increase the efficiency of the functioning of units, enterprises, organizations.

In connection with the economic situation, "Management" should be based on modern information technologies.

The concept of "information technology" can be defined as a combination of software and hardware tools and systems that provide a comprehensive and effective solution to heterogeneous tasks.

Information Technology Management - these are methods and ways of interaction between the managing and managed production subsystems based on the use of modern tools.

Modern tools for managing a single information field in the entire life cycle of an organization consists of:

electronic computers

communication systems and computer systems,

data and knowledge banks

software and information tools,

economic and mathematical methods and models,

expert systems.

Today, the state of affairs in this area is characterized by extreme uncertainty. Firstly, this is due to the continuous increase in the volume of technological offers that require high investments, and, accordingly, with increasing dependence on external services (for example, from software providers). Intra-company appropriations for IT are growing faster than other enterprise costs. At the same time, senior management is little aware of the overall costs of IT. Thus, competent decisions of corporate management cover about 5% of the corresponding costs.

Secondly, the role of IT in the economic activities of many enterprises is changing. When performing in-house processes, the IT function ceased to be auxiliary, turning into an essential component of a product or production capacity. Economic risks are currently largely determined by risks in this area. The implementation of modern high-performance organizational projects (for example, “virtual organizations” without tightly linking production sites to a specific location) requires the full use of IT potential through telecommunications.

The rapid increase in IT costs is not conducive to stabilization. To control their increase and achieve greater flexibility in solving information technology problems, many enterprises go mainly in two ways. The first is that the company creates an in-house information and technology site that offers services to the non-company market, thereby proving the possibility of cost-effective use of its facilities.

More often, enterprises choose a different path when most of their own information technology personnel are transferred to the disposal of newly created subsidiaries or joint ventures with specialized information technology partners, which also independently act on the market. At the parent enterprise, a small group of employees remains, which are entrusted with the functions of information management.

Top management is beginning to realize the important impact of information technology solutions on the business process and the culture of the enterprise. Therefore, he feels more and more restrained in the sense that he is forced to delegate relevant issues to internal company units or external organizations. In addition, the first work experience of non-company information technology services does not give particular reasons for optimism regarding the effectiveness of solving these problems. In this regard, the following key questions arise:

what is the attitude of leading staff towards IT, what consequences arise from its more efficient organization and use in the production of new goods and services;

what the top management of the company in the field of IT must know in order to make competent decisions, in particular regarding investments;

the extent to which delegation of IT functions is permissible;

what should be the role of senior management in the management of information and technological potential.

Six interested groups can be identified on which IT decision-making depends:

top management, which should manage IT as a strategic potential of the enterprise;

specialists engaged in the search for system solutions to optimize special functional tasks;

managers of individual business units who must use IT by virtue of the logic of their business activities in order to satisfy customer requests, reduce costs, etc .;

managers of accounting services, if any, are provided for by the organizational structure of the enterprise:

iT providers who must offer services in strict accordance with the problematic settings of their customers;

own information technology division.

In many enterprises, such interest groups do not receive recognition. Top management often delegates the appropriate functions to a group of leaders, monitoring the implementation of several specified indicators. Conscious refusal by senior management of their responsibilities leads to the adoption of incompetent decisions, the formulation of unrealistic planned tasks. There is also no proper motivation in this area.

Due to the growing importance of IT in ensuring the success of the company, such a policy is unacceptable. Company-wide management should now find answers to the following two questions.

Firstly, it is necessary to determine exactly what contribution IT must make to the process of production of goods and services. Three aspects deserve attention here mainly: 1) IT as a function of ensuring the production process, for example, in the field of communications or production automation, as well as in the generation and transfer of managerial knowledge and information for managing business operations;

2) IT as an integral component of the product;

3) IT as an organizational tool for creating virtual forms of enterprise.

Secondly, who should perform these and other functions. The question of the coordination mechanism for certain types of information technology services is highlighted. A solution can be found in the use of the above specialized in-house units and off-company branches. An interim solution is also possible in the form of creating strategic alliances between your own unit and external partners. In the last two cases, the enterprise loses direct control over its information and technological potential. It should be noted that such services can be effective only in close cooperation with their suppliers. Corporate management should look for ways to eliminate or compensate for weaknesses in their work.

1.3. Functional changes in the use of IT

The considered changes in the requirements for interest groups in the IT sphere are due to the dynamics of the development of enterprises and the external environment. The main aspects of this development and their impact on the role of IT in enterprise management are as follows.

Decentralization and growth of information needs

Orientation to the maximum approximation with the client demanded that the enterprises move to horizontal, decentralized structures. Decision-making under decentralized conditions has led to a sharp increase in the need for information regarding the process of production of goods and services. There was a need for a more detailed familiarization of a third party with the state of affairs in the relevant economic areas. In the new environment, providing information in all areas should function flawlessly.

The use of IT is designed to level the organizational complexity of the enterprise. Previously, this was achieved by entrusting computers with complex calculations and processing documentation in very large volumes. Now it is a question of continuously improving horizontal and vertical models of interconnections (the structures of which, in turn, are constantly changing) to be improved with the help of new communication technology.

Earlier, enterprises installed powerful processing systems that prepared a huge number of digital reports, on the basis of which economic management was subsequently carried out. Now the question is about developing such a technology with which it would be possible to constantly keep up to date with the events of managers and their partners who make decisions in decentralized conditions. New information technology systems should provide not some abstract economic system, but specific partners who participate in various forms in the economic process.

From data processing through information systems to knowledge management

It has long been no longer necessary to consider IT as a means of data processing. Using this technology, information must be extracted from the data for the needs of the user, and the problem of "information overloads" arising in this connection requires massive means of selecting, further processing and updating information. In this case, one should consider the issue of commercially viable interfaces and compression of internal and external information, as well as the transfer of shared knowledge between organizational units and cooperation partners.

The rapid development of networks of local systems with a super-regional and even international structure leads to the abandonment of the classical working fields of computer science and the widespread use of telecommunications. Organizationally, this leads to the elimination of the boundaries of the enterprise. It is becoming increasingly difficult to determine where it begins and where it ends. The creation and operation of an appropriate communication structure for such "virtual enterprises" refers to the tasks of information management, as well as the classic function of ensuring the production process or developing goods and services based on IT. The point here is not only information processing, but also rational distribution of knowledge.

In addition, the organization must take into account on a professional level all the new and important aspects for IT. An example is the question of the technological and economic importance of the Internet system. It is the information and technology service that is responsible for creating a platform here on which qualified psychological training of personnel, including company management, will become possible.

Decentralized system integration

Now information at enterprises is processed within the framework of a wide variety of systems. Ensuring their widespread availability to all employees (as well as external partners) and thereby facilitating creative decision-making can be a critical success factor for many enterprises. At the same time, combining vertically and horizontally the information technology systems that arose under decentralization seems almost impossible. In any case, in the classical fields of IT, experience on this subject is lacking. However, integration should happen.

Setting such a goal is necessary for top management to manage change. Virtual, super-sectoral entrepreneurial integration groups can become the organizational lever in its achievement. Perhaps these groups will even be able to manage the IT function. The goal in this case could be an integration approach to the interconnected technological, social, functional and economic processes.

Future addictions

Information systems and informational technologies at management quality
Examination \u003e\u003e Computer science, programming
Information systems and informational technologies at management quality Information systems in management quality NOP. It is known that ... many years of experience in Western corporate culture management and the organization business. Without deep reform ...
Information technologies at management, their essence and characteristic
Coursework \u003e\u003e Management
3 1. Information technologies and informational systems ……………… 4 2. Interconnection of organizations and information systems …………………… .8 3. Types information systems in the organization…………………………… 11 4. Roles of managers and informational systems in management……….… . 21 ...
Informational system provision management the organization on the example of the IFTS of the city of Magnitogorsk
Code \u003e\u003e Management
Internet networks. 1.3 Improvement informational providing management the organization With development informational technologies five modern interconnected ...