What is the name of the plug for the outlet. English socket, or how not to get trashed in England

October 12th, 2017

This is really very inconvenient. Okay, before people did not travel much around the world, now it is practically not a luxury. Remember when household appliances assembled in Europe began to come to us in Russia, how many problems there were with our Soviet sockets. We bought adapters, they burned. Only not so long ago they finally got rid of this problem.

I've been to Cyprus in the spring - there are completely unusual British sockets. In a small town in Russia, adapters cannot be bought, I had to run there upon arrival, look for, overpay. Soon I'm going to the Dominican Republic - and there are again other sockets, American (like). Adapters will again have to be bought locally, but not in one copy.

And all why ...

In the era of electrification, inventors from different countries proposed their own versions of the optimal sockets; all over the world were built different types of power generators.

Firstly, the struggle of technology at the dawn of the development of electricity left its mark. We are talking about the confrontation between Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla in the creation of DC and AC networks, respectively. While we know that AC power ultimately won out, the infrastructure direct current created in the United States up to the 1920s (and in Stockholm up to the 1950s), has to be maintained and used up to the present day.

Secondly, many inventors have proposed their own versions of the optimal (in their opinion) sockets. For example, in 1904, the American inventor Harvey Hubbel received a patent for the first electrical outlet. By its design, it was a kind of electric cartridge-plug adapter. The adapter was screwed into a socket instead of a light bulb, and an electrical device was connected to it.

The German engineer Albert Buettner created the "euro socket" we know today in 1926. And the first grounded socket was created by Philippe Labre in 1927.

And the national companies involved in the installation of electrical grids supplied their devices suitable for these grids. Accordingly, various types of plug connectors and sockets were introduced and their networks were designed. The developments of other countries were completely ignored.

Influenced the design of outlets and the availability of materials. For example, during the Second World War, the UK invented a three-pin plug with a short copper fuse. This design made it possible to save reserves of copper for military needs. Curiously, the use of a 3-pin plug in the UK was in stark contrast to the rest of Europe and even North America, where 2-pin plugs were widely used, and in addition, differed in design, all due to lack of communication in the early days. power supply development.

Now, according to one classification, there are 12 types of sockets, according to another - 15. Moreover, sockets of one type sometimes accept plugs of another. However, upon learning that the country you are going to has the same type of socket as at home, do not rush to rejoice! This is a solution to only half of the problem. In different parts of the world, the voltage and frequency of the current may differ.

Classification of types of sockets and plugs in different countries the world

The most common are two standards: European - 220-240 V at 50 Hz and American - 100-127 V at 60 Hz. It is not worth checking what will happen if an electrical appliance operating from 100-127 V is plugged into an outlet with 220-240 V.

In some countries, you should be on your guard at all. For example, in most parts of Brazil, 127 V is used, but in the north of the country there is 220 V. And in Japan, the voltage is the same everywhere - 110 V, the frequency is different: in the east, 50 Hz is used, in the west - 60 Hz. The reason is simple: first, German-made generators with a frequency of 50 Hz were purchased for Tokyo, and soon after that, American ones with a frequency of 60 Hz were supplied in Osaka.

Perhaps someday a single standard will be adopted. A universal socket for all types of plugs has already been developed. But for now it is up to everyone to establish it or not. In addition, you first need to come to a single voltage standard. And this comes up against huge financial costs for re-equipment and re-equipment of transformer substations, replacement of sockets and plugs.

* Voltage 100-127 V at 60 Hz is used by the USA, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, partly Brazil and other countries.

* Voltage 220-240 V with a frequency of 50 Hz is used in most other countries, but even with the same parameters, the type of outlets can vary greatly.

Here short description some of them:

Types A and B - American socket

Type B differs from A in that it has a third hole for the grounding prong. Such sockets, as you might guess from the name, were invented in the United States and are common in North, Central and partly South America, as well as in Japan and some other countries.

Types C and F - European socket

Just like A and B, types C and F differ only in the presence of grounding - it is in F. The European socket is used in most countries of the European Union, as well as in Russia and the CIS, Algeria, Egypt and many other countries.

Type G - British socket

In the UK, the socket has three flat holes, and this design appeared for a reason. The fact is that during the Second World War, the country experienced a copper deficit. Therefore, a plug with a short copper fuse and three plugs was developed. In addition to Great Britain, the same outlet is used in Cyprus, Malta, Singapore and other countries influenced by the British Empire.

Type I - Australian socket

This type of outlet can be found not only in Australia, but also in New Zealand, Fiji, the Cook Islands, Kiribati, New Guinea, Samoa and sometimes in China, where types A and C are also common.

Type H - Israeli socket

Type H is only used in Israel and Palestine, and the prongs can be round or flat depending on when the unit was manufactured. The flat shape of the socket was old technology but the new sockets fit two options.

Type K - Danish socket

This outlet can safely claim the title of "the friendliest" in the world - its design resembles a smiling face. In addition to Denmark and Greenland, which is part of it, type K is used in Bangladesh and the Maldives - however, several types of outlets are common there at once.

Fortunately, all of these differences won't ruin your vacation or business trip - you just need to purchase a suitable adapter in advance.

Map showing the distribution of different types of outlets in use around the world.(link to interactive map)

The world map shows the distribution of different types of outlets in use around the world. Countries using Type A and B are highlighted in red, countries using Type C and E / F (which are 100% compatible with each other) are highlighted in dark blue, countries using Type D are highlighted in brown, navy blue is British Type G, pink is Israeli types C and H , countries using Australian type I are highlighted in yellow, countries using C and J, gray types C and K, orange types C and L, purple in South Africa type M, pale blue countries use type N, and dark green Thailand types C and O. Please note that this simplified overview only shows the most common plug type and sometimes several systems in the same country.

For a complete and thorough overview of electrical plugs used in each country, click here.

List of countries in the world with corresponding plug and socket types, voltages and frequencies. link worldstandards.eu/electrici ...

A complete overview of all countries in the world and their respective plugs / outlets and voltages / frequencies used for household appliances. The table shows that in most countries the electricity supply is between 220 and 240 volts (50 or 60 Hz), significantly outperforming countries operating at 100-127 volts. The list also shows that types A and C are the most commonly used electrical plugs around the world.

Most countries have a well-defined plug and voltage standard. However, many Latin American, African and Asian countries use a motley collection of often incompatible plugs, and sometimes the voltage differs from region to region. This situation makes it difficult to travel to assess which adapter or transformer connector is needed for the trip. In this case, when the electricity situation in a country requires additional information, the name of the country in question is highlighted in red. This link will take you to the detailed description: worldstandards.eu/electrici ...

List of standards for plug connectors

List of standards for plug connectors

There are two main voltage and frequency standards most commonly used in the world. One of them is the American standard 110-127 Volts 60 Hertz, together with plugs A and B. Another standard is European, 220-240 Volts 50 Hertz, plugs of types C - M.

Most countries have adopted one of these two standards, although sometimes transitional or unique standards are found. On the map, we can see in which countries certain standards are used.

Voltage / Frequency.

Types of forks.

Types currently in use

Electrical plugs and outlets vary from country to country in shape, size, maximum current rating, and other features. The type used in each country is enshrined in legislation by the adoption of national standards. In this article, each type is identified by a letter from a US government publication.

Type A

Non-polarized type A plug

NEMA 1-15 (North American 15 A / 125 V, ungrounded), per GOST 7396 .1-89 - Type A 1-15

Unusual American Type A 5-Socket Box, circa 1928

A plug and socket of this type, with two flat, parallel, non-coplanar (not in the plane of the plug body) blades and slots, is used in most North American countries and the east coast of South America, with devices that do not require grounding, such as lamps and small devices with double isolation. This type adopted by 38 countries outside of North America and standardized in the US by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NEMA 1-15 outlets have been banned in new buildings in the US and Canada since 1962, but remain in many older homes and still sold for renovation. Type A plugs are still very common because they are compatible with Type B outlets.

Originally, the pins of the plug and the slot of the socket were the same height, and the plug could be inserted into the socket in any orientation. Modern plugs and sockets are polarized with a wider neutral contact so that the plug can only be inserted in the correct way. Polarized Type A plugs do not fit in non-polarized Type A receptacles because both receptacle slots are equally narrow. However, unpolarized and polarized Type A plugs will fit in both Type A polarized and Type B receptacles. Some devices that do not care about the phase and neutral conductor location, such as sealed power supplies, are still manufactured with non-polarized Type A plugs (both blades are narrow ).

Japanese socket with earthing plug for washing machine.

JIS C 8303 Class II (Japanese 15A / 100V, ungrounded)

Japanese plug and socket are identical to NEMA 1-15 type. However, Japan has stricter fork body dimensions, different labeling requirements, and requires mandatory testing and approval by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) or JIS.

Many Japanese plugs and extension cords are unpolarized - the slots in plugs are the same size - and only accept unpolarized plugs. Japanese plugs will generally fit most North American outlets without issue, but polarized North American plugs may require an adapter or replacement to connect to older Japanese outlets. However, the mains voltage in Japan is 100 V and the frequency in the east is 50 Hz, not 60 Hz, so North American devices can be connected to the Japanese mains, but correct operation is not guaranteed.

Type B

Forks of type B have, in addition to parallel flat blades, a round, or in the form of a letter U Grounding contact (American standard NEMA 5-15 / Canadian standard CSA 22.2, _ 42). It is nominated for 15 Amps and 125 Volts. The grounding contact is longer than the phase and neutral, which means that the ground connection is guaranteed before the power is turned on. Sometimes both power pins in type B plugs are narrow, because the grounding contact cannot be plugged in correctly, but the slots in the socket are of different sizes for correct connection Type A plugs. If the earthing contact is at the bottom, the phase will be on the right.

The 5-15 outlet is standard throughout North America (Canada, USA, and Mexico). True, Mexico also uses Japanese-style sockets. The 5-15 socket is also used in Central America, the Caribbean, northern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and parts of Brazil), Japan, Taiwan, and Saudi Arabia.

In some parts of the US, new buildings are now required to install outlets with safety shutters to prevent foreign objects from being inserted into it.

5-20R socket with a T-slot neutral contact, installed with the grounding contact facing up.

In theaters, this connector is sometimes called PBG(Parallel Blade with Ground, parallel knives with the ground), Edison or Hubbell, by the name of the main manufacturer.

NEMA 5-20 (North American 20 A / 125 V, grounded) per GOST 7396 .1-89 - Type A 5-20

In new residential areas since about 1992, 20A T-slot outlets allow both 15A parallel blade plugs and 20A plugs to be powered.

JIS C 8303 Class I (Japanese 15A / 100V grounded)

Japan also uses a Type B plug similar to the North American plug. However, it is less common than its Type A equivalent.

Type C

Plug and socket CEE 7/16

(Not to be confused with 3-pin IEC C13 and C14)

CEE 7/16 (Europlug (Europlug) 2.5 A / 250 V, without grounding), according to GOST 7396 .1-89 - type C5 option II

For more on this topic, see: Europlug.

This two-pin plug is known in Europe as the Europlug (not to be confused with the Schuko, which is called the Europlug in Russia). A plug is not grounded and has two round 4 mm blades that usually converge slightly closer to the free ends. It can be plugged into any socket that accepts 4 mm diameter round pins spaced 19 mm apart. It is described in CEE 7/16 and is also defined in the Italian standard CEI 23-5 and the Russian standard GOST 7396.

Europlug is used for class II devices throughout continental Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Germany, Greenland, Greece, Denmark, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, Finland, France, Croatia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden and Estonia). It is also used in the Middle East, most African countries, South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Uruguay, and Chile), Asia (Bangladesh, Indonesia and Pakistan) as well as the former Soviet republics and many developing countries. It is also used in many countries along with the BS 1363 plug, especially in the former British colonies.

This plug is rated for 2.5 A. Since it is non-polarized, it can be plugged into the outlet in any position, so the phase and neutral are connected randomly.

The spacing and length of the pins allows it to be safely plugged into most CEE 7/17, Type E (French), Type H (Israeli), CEE 7/4 (Schuko), CEE 7/7, Type J (Swiss), Type K ( Danish) and type L (Italian).

Fork CEE 7/17

CEE 7/17 (German-French 16 A / 250 V, ungrounded), according to GOST 7396 .1-89 - type C6

This plug also has two round prongs, but they are 4.8 mm in diameter like types E and F. The plug has a round plastic or rubber base that prevents it from being plugged into the small Europlug sockets. The plug will only fit in the large, round E and F type receptacles. The plug has both a grounding prong hole and a terminal strip for the side contacts. The plug is used in conjunction with devices of class II, designed for high operating currents (vacuum cleaners, hair dryers), and in South Korea- with any household appliances that do not require grounding. It is also defined in the Italian standard CEI 23-5. Can be plugged into Israeli H-type receptacles, although this is undesirable as they are designed for smaller pins.

Hybrid type E / F

CEE plug 7/7

CEE 7/7 (French-German 16 A / 250 V, with ground), according to GOST 7396 .1-89 - type C4

For compatibility with types E and F, the CEE 7/7 plug has been designed. It is polarized when used with an E receptacle, but the phase and neutral are not tied to an F receptacle. The plug is rated for 16 A. It has grounding brackets on both sides for connection to a CEE 7/4 socket and a female grounding prong for an E type socket. Units shipped in E or F countries are equipped with this type of plug.

Type G

UK 1363 plug. This view used not only in Great Britain, but also in Ireland, Sri Lanka, Bahrain, UAE, Qatar, Yemen, Oman, Cyprus, Malta, Gibraltar, Botswana, Ghana, Hong Kong, Macau (Macau), Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia , Bangladesh, Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria, Mauritius, Iraq, Kuwait, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. BS 1363 is also the standard for some former British Caribbean colonies such as Belize, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Grenada. It is also used in Saudi Arabia for 230 V appliances, although 110 V devices with NEMA connectors are more common.

This plug, commonly known as the "13 amp plug," is a large plug with three rectangular prongs forming a triangle. The phase and neutral contacts are 18 mm long and 22 mm apart. 9 mm insulation at the base of the pins prevents accidental contact with the bare conductor when the plug is partially inserted. A grounding post approximately 4 x 8 mm and a length of approximately 23 mm.

The plug has a built-in fuse. It is needed to protect the supply wire, as the UK uses ring wiring protected only by a central fuse, typically 32A. Any fuse can be inserted into the plug, but according to safety requirements, it must be rated for the maximum current of the protected device. The fuse has a length of 1 inch (25.4 mm) according to British standard BS 1362. The outlets are wired with a neutral wire on the left, phase on the right (when looking at the face of the socket), so that a blown fuse in the plug will break the phase wire. The same convention applies to all UK outlets connected directly to the mains wiring.

British wire routing regulations (BS 7671) require that outlets in homes have a curtain at the phase and neutral holes so that nothing other than plugs can be inserted. The shutters are opened by inserting the longer grounding prong. The curtains also prevent the use of other plug standards. For Class II plugs that do not require grounding, the grounding prong is often plastic and is only used to open the shutters and comply with the phase and neutral connection rules. In general, it is possible to open the shutters with a screwdriver blade to insert a C-type plug (but not a BS 4573 razor plug) or other types of plugs, but this is dangerous as these plugs have no fuse and can jam in the socket.

BS 1363 plugs and sockets began to appear in 1946 and BS 1363 was first published in 1947. By the late 1950s it replaced the earlier type D BS 546 in newer devices, and by the end of the 1960s the Type D devices had been converted to type BS 1363. Outlets often have phase switches for convenience and safety.

Type H

Two Israeli plugs and one socket. On the left is the old standard fork, on the right is the 1989 upgrade.

SI 32 (Israeli 16 A / 250 V, grounded)

This plug, as defined in SI 32 (IS16A-R), is not found anywhere other than Israel and is not compatible with other types of outlets. It has three flat pins arranged in a Y-shape. Phase and neutral are spaced 19 mm apart. The H-type plug is designed for a current of 16A, but in practice, the thin flat prongs can cause the plug to overheat when connecting high-power devices. In 1989, the standard was revised. Three round 4mm pins are now used, positioned the same. Manufactured since 1989, sockets accept both flat and round prongs for compatibility with both types of plugs. It also allows the use of C-type plugs used in Israel for ungrounded devices to H-type sockets. Older outlets, circa 1970's production, have both flat and round holes for phase and neutral to accept both C and H plugs. For 2008, H-type outlets accept only older H-plugs. very rare in Israel.

This plug is also used in the areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

Type I

Australian 3 Pin Double Socket with Switches

AS / NZS 3112 (Australasian type 10 A / 240 V)

For more on this topic, see: AS 3112.

Used in Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Argentina and Papua New Guinea, this type of plug has a grounding prong and two inverted V-shaped power blades. an angle of 30 ° to the vertical with a nominal distance between them of 13.7 mm. Australian and New Zealand wall outlets almost always have switches for added safety, as in England. An ungrounded version of this plug, with two prongs set at an angle but no grounding prong, is used with small, double-insulated devices, but wall outlets always have three blades, including a grounding prong.

There are several options for the AS / NZS 3112 plug, including the wider grounding type used for devices up to 15A; sockets supporting this contact also support 10-amp plugs. There is a 20 amp version, with all three oversized pins, and 25 and 32 amp options, with oversized pins, like a 20 amp plug, forming an inverted L for 25A and a horizontal U for 32A ... These outlets accept plugs of the corresponding or lower maximum amperage, but not plugs of the highest amperage. For example, a 10A plug will fit all outlets, but a 20A plug will only fit into 20, 25 and 32A outlets).

The Australian standard plug / socket system was originally called the C112 standard (originated in 1937 as a temporary solution, adopted as a formal standard in 1938), which was replaced by the AS 3112 standard in 1990. For 2005, the last significant change is AS / NZS 3112: 2004, which requires insulation on the supply contacts. However, it is allowed to use equipment and wires manufactured before 2003.

Chinese sockets accepting A, C (top) and I (bottom, standard) plugs

China Compulsory Certification Mark (CCC)

CPCS-CCC (Chinese 10 A / 250 V), according to GOST 7396 .1-89 - type A10-20

Although Chinese sockets have 1mm longer pins, Australian plugs can be inserted into them. The standard for Chinese plugs and sockets is established by GB 2099.1-1996 and GB 1002-1996. As part of China's commitment to join the WTO, a new CPCS (Compulsory Product Certification System) certification system has been introduced, and its corresponding Chinese plugs receive the CCC (China Compulsory Certification) mark. The plug has three blades and is grounded. Designed for 10A, 250V and used in class 1 devices.

In China, the sockets are installed the other way round, upside down, compared to the Australian ones.

China also uses US-Japan type A plugs and sockets for Class II devices. However, the voltage between the contacts of a Chinese outlet is always 220V, regardless of the type of plug.

IRAM 2073 (Argentinian 10A / 250V)

The Argentine plug has three blades, grounding, and is rated for 10A, 250V. The standard is defined by the Argentine Institute for Standardization and Certification (Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación, IRAM) and is used with Class 1 devices in Argentina and Uruguay.

This plug looks similar to the Australian and Chinese forks. The contact length is the same as the Chinese version. The most important difference from the Australian plug is that the phase and neutral feed to it in reverse.

Type J

J plugs and sockets

SEV 1011 (Swiss type 10 A / 250 V)

Switzerland has its own standard described in the document SEV 1011. (ASE1011 / 1959 SW10A-R) This plug is similar to the Euro plug type C (CEE 7/16), except that it has a displaced grounding pin and the pins do not insulated sleeves so that plugs that are not fully inserted into non-recessed sockets present a risk of electric shock. Outlets used in kitchens, bathrooms and other wet areas are recessed, but not elsewhere. Some plugs and adapters have tapered ends and can be used anywhere, while others only fit non-recessed receptacles. Swiss plugs accept Swiss plugs or Euro plugs (CEE 7/16). There is also an ungrounded 2-pole version with the same shape, dimensions and distance between phase and neutral contacts as SEV 1011, but with a more flattened hexagonal shape. The plug fits Swiss round and hexagonal sockets and CEE 7/16 sockets. Designed for currents up to 10 A.

The less common version has 3 square pins and is rated for 16 A. Above 16 A, equipment must either be permanently connected to the mains, with suitable branch protection, or connected using a suitable industrial plug.

Type K

Danish 107-2-D1, standard DK 2-1a, with round power contacts and semicircular grounding contact

Danish socket for a computer, with rotated flattened pins and a semicircular grounding pin (used mainly for professional equipment), DK 2-5a standard

Section 107-2-D1 (Danish 10 A / 250 V, grounded)

This Danish standard plug is described in the Danish Plug Equipment Section 107-2-D1 Standard sheet (SRAF1962 / DB 16/87 DN10A-R). The plug is similar to the French type E, except that it has a grounding prong instead of a grounding hole (vice versa in the socket). This makes the Danish outlet more subtle than the French one, which looks like a depression in the wall to protect the grounding prong from damage and from touching the power prongs.

Danish socket also accepts Euro plug type C CEE 7/16 or type E / F CEE 7/17 Schuko-French hybrid plug. Type F CEE 7/4 (Schuko), E / F CEE 7/7 (Schuko-French hybrid), and a French earthed E type plug will also work with this outlet, but should not be used with devices that require a grounding terminal. Both plugs are rated for 10A.

The version (DK 2-5a standard) of the Danish plug is intended only for interference-suppressed computer sockets. It will fit a suitable computer outlet and a normal K-type outlet, but normal K-type plugs are deliberately made to be unsuitable for a dedicated computer outlet. This plug is often used in companies, but very rarely at home.

There is also an option for medical equipment, with a rectangular left-hand pin. It is often used in life support systems.

Traditionally, all Danish sockets were equipped with a switch to prevent touching live contacts when plugging / unplugging the plug. Today, the use of sockets without switches is allowed, but such sockets must have a recess that protects a person from touching live contacts. However, usually the shape of the plug makes it very difficult to touch the contacts when connecting / disconnecting.

Since the early 1990s, grounded sockets have become mandatory in all new electrical installations in Denmark. Old sockets do not need to be grounded, but from July 1, 2008, all sockets, including old ones, must be protected with an RCD (in Danish terminology - HFI).

From 1 July 2008, it is permitted in Denmark to install type E wall outlets (French, 2-pin, with an earthing pin). This was done because K-plug equipment was not sold to individuals and in order to end the monopoly of Lauritz Knudsen, the only company making K-plugs and plugs.

Schuko type F sockets will not be permitted. The reason is that most of the plugs currently in use in Denmark will get stuck in the Schuko socket. This could damage the outlet. It can also cause poor contact, with the risk of overheating and fire. Broken F-type sockets can often be seen in German hotels visited by Danes. Many international travel adapters are sold outside Denmark with plugs conforming to Type C CEE 7/16 (Europlug) and E / F CEE 7/7 (Franco-Schuko hybrid) that can be used in Denmark.

Type L

Plug and socket 23-16 / VII

Side-by-side comparison of Italian L-type plugs rated for 16 Amps (left) and 10 Amps (right).

Italian electrical installation with both L type sockets (16 A on the left; 10 A on the right).

CEI 23-16 / VII (Italian type 10 A / 250 V and 16 A / 250 V)

The Italian earthed plug / socket standard, CEI 23-16 / VII, includes two models, 10A and 16A, with different contact diameters and spacing (see details below). Both are symmetrical and allow you to connect a phase with neutral in any way.

The double standard was adopted because in Italy, until the second half of the 20th century, electricity for lighting ( Luce= lighting) and for other purposes ( Forza= force, electromotive force; or Uso Promiscuo= general purpose) were sold at different rates, with different taxes, were considered separate meters, and were transmitted over different wires ending in different sockets... Although both electrical lines (and the corresponding tariffs) were merged in the summer of 1974, many homes have double wiring and double meters for years to come. Thus, the two sizes of plugs and outlets became the de facto standard still in use today and standardized in the CEI 23-16 / VII document. Older products often have one of the standard outlets, either 10 A or 16 A, requiring an adapter to accommodate a different plug size.

Ungrounded Euro plugs CEE 7/16 (type C) are also widely used; they are standardized in Italy as CEI 23-5 and fit most devices with low amperage requirements and double insulation.

Devices with CEE 7/7 plugs are also often sold in Italy, however, not every socket is capable of accepting them, since the pins of CEE 7/7 plugs are thicker than Italian ones. Adapters are cheap and are often used to connect CEE 7/7 plugs to CEI 23-16 / VII sockets, but the requirement for rated current (16A instead of 10A) is often violated, which can lead in some cases to unsafe connections.

CEI 23-16 / VII (Italian 10 A / 250 V)

The 10 amp view expands on the CEE 7/16 by adding a center grounding prong of the same size. Therefore 10 amp CEI 23-16-VII sockets can accept CEE 7/16 Euro plugs. This type of plug is shown in the first picture.

CEI 23-16 / VII (Italian 16 A / 250 V)

The 16 amp view looks like an enlarged version of a 10 amp similar shape. However, the pins are 5 mm thick, with a distance of 8 mm (in the 10A version, the distance is 5.5 mm), and 7 mm longer. The packaging of these plugs in Italy may claim to be "North European" type. In the past they were also called per la forza motrice(for electromotive force) (see above for driving force forks) or sometimes industriale(industrial), although the latter was never the correct definition, since enterprises used mainly three-phase current and special connectors.

Two-size or multi-standard outlets

Power socket bipasso(number 1) and Italian adapted socket schuko(number 2 in the photo) in a modern product.

Italian outlet brand VIMAR universale capable of accepting A, C, E, F plugs, E / F hybrids and both Italian L plugs.

Since it is a fact that the type of plugs found in Italy is different, in modern installations in Italy (and other countries where plugs of the L type are used) sockets can be found that accept plugs of more than one standard. The simplest type has a central round hole and two holes at the bottom and top, made in the form of a figure of eight. This design allows both L type plugs (CEI 23-16 / VII 10 A and 16 A) and CEE 7/16 type C Euro plugs to be connected. The advantage of this type of outlet is the small, compact front part. VIMAR claims to have patented this type of socket already in 1975 with the release of their model Bpresa; however, other manufacturers soon began selling similar products, calling them in most cases a generic term presa bipasso(two-standard socket), which is now very common.

The second type, which is quite common, looks like an F-type socket, but with the addition of a center grounding hole. Sockets of this design can accept CEE 7/7 (E / F type) plugs in addition to Type C and 10A L-type plugs. Some of these outlets may have a figure-of-eight hole to accommodate 16-amp L-type plugs. The cost of versatility is twice the size of a normal L-type outlet.

Other types can go even further in terms of compatibility. VIMAR manufactures a socket universale(universal), which accepts CEE 7/7 (E / F type), C type, 10A and 16A L type plugs, and US / Japanese A type plugs.

Other countries

Outside Italy, type L CEI 23-16 / VII plugs (Italian 10A / 250V) can be found in Syria, Libya, Ethiopia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, various countries in North Africa, and occasionally in older buildings in Spain.

Type M

The term "Type M" is often used to describe the 15 amp version of the old British Type D used in South Africa and elsewhere.

In the USSR, two-pin sockets with non-spring-loaded solid ring contacts and a built-in fuse were originally used. They included forks with replaceable split round pins. Often on the back of the plug there were sockets for connecting another plug, which made it possible to connect plugs in a "stack" when there were not enough sockets. But in the future, such plugs were abandoned, since the pins of such plugs often unscrewed and broke, remaining in the outlet. Solid-pin plugs required the pin to be held by the spring-loaded pins in the socket, so older sockets cannot make good contact with the solid prongs. Nevertheless, low-power devices can be connected to such an outlet. Split pins are generally Type C, but cannot fit into F type sockets due to the shape of the body.

Old Spanish rosettes

In old buildings in Spain, you can find sockets for a special type of plug, which has two flat knives and a round pin between them. This species is vaguely similar to the American one.

The phase and neutral contacts are 9 mm × 2 mm. The distance between them is 30 mm. All three contacts are 19 mm long. The diameter of the grounding pin is 4.8 mm.

Despite the fact that the plug resembles an American plug, the two flat contacts are much farther apart than in the American version.

There are no devices sold with these plugs. An adapter is needed.

British plug for electric clock

British 3-pin clock connector and disassembled plug with 2A fuse.

In older public buildings in the UK, fuse plugs and sockets of various non-interchangeable types can be found where they were used to power AC wall clocks. They are smaller than conventional outlets, usually designed to fit in BESA (British Engineering Standards Association) junction boxes, often nearly flat. The old plugs had a fuse on both wires, newer ones only on the phase and had a grounding contact. Most were equipped with a retaining screw or bracket to prevent accidental disconnection. Gradually battery operated quartz watch almost completely replaced the network, and with them - similar connectors.

American "Type I"

American electrical appliance manufacturers Hubbell, Eagle, and possibly others have made sockets and plugs that are exactly Type I, similar to those used in Australia today. Such outlets were installed in the United States in the 1930s for electrical appliances installed in the laundry: washing machines and gas dryers (for driving a motor). It was impossible to connect type A plugs to them, which is probably why they quickly fell out of use, being supplanted by type B sockets.

Greek "type H"

Sockets, plugs and tees of the old Greek system

Before the widespread use of the schuko system in Greece, sockets similar to type H with round pins were used, commonly called τριπολικές (tripolics).

Perpendicular socket, USA

Perpendicular slotted double socket

Perpendicular Soviet slotted socket RP-2B 10A 42V AC

Another outdated outlet from Bryant is 125V 15A and 250V 10A. A NEMA 5-20 125V 20A or 6-20 250V 20A plug with a missing grounding pin will fit this outlet, but a NEMA 2-20 plug is too big for it.

The top slots, as seen in the picture, are connected to the silver clamping screws on the top, and the bottom slots are connected to the copper screws on the bottom.

In Australia, the same or similar T-plugs are used for DC power, for example in stand-alone power systems (SAPS) or on ships. In this application, the horizontal slit is placed at the top and is at a positive potential. Likewise, sockets are used for temporary equipment in rescue vehicles. In Victoria it is accepted that the upper part of the T is marked with a minus sign and therefore is under negative potential. Outside Victoria, vertical contact is for chassis / chassis connection. The upper terminal of the letter T is positive on vehicles with a negative chassis potential. Also, the old transport is still on the move, with a positive potential on the chassis, that is, the polarity of the socket contacts can be any.

In the Soviet Union, and now in Russia, this outlet was usually used to supply reduced voltage for safety reasons, for example, in schools, at gas stations, in damp rooms. The socket is rated for 42V 10A AC. Such an unusual connection is necessary so that it is impossible to connect a low-voltage device to a 220V outlet.

USA, combination double socket

The parallel-series receptacle accepts normal NEMA 1-15 parallel plugs as well as NEMA 2-15 series plugs. Both pairs of outlets are powered from the same source.

A more recent and fairly common version of this type is the T-slot rosette, in which the series and parallel slots were aligned to form T-slots. This version also accepts normal NEMA 1-15 parallel plugs as well as NEMA 2-15 serial plugs. By the way, a NEMA 5-20 (125V, 20A) or 6-20 (250V, 20A) plug without a grounding contact will also fit such an outlet. This type of outlet has not been available in stores since the 1960s.

Dorman & Smith (D&S), UK

D&S socket

The D&S standard was the earliest connector standard for ring wiring. The connectors were rated for 13A. They were never popular in private homes, but very often they were assembled in prefabricated and municipal buildings. They were also used by the BBC. D&S supplied outlets to local governments at very low cost, with the intention of making money selling plugs, which usually cost 4 times the price of G-plugs. It is not known exactly when D&S stopped manufacturing plugs and sockets, but some local governments continued to install them until the late 1950s. years. D&S outlets were in use until the early 1980s, although the difficulty of purchasing plugs after 1970 forced residents to replace them with G-outlets. This generally violated local government redevelopment orders. The D&S plug had a serious design flaw: the fuse, which simultaneously serves as a phase pin, was threaded to the plug body, and often unscrewed during operation, remaining in the socket.

Wylex, UK

Wylex plugs and sockets were manufactured by Wylex Electrical Supplies Ltd. as competitors to the G and D&S type. There were varieties of plugs designed for 5 and 13 amperes, with different widths of phase and neutral contacts and fuse ratings. The plug had a round grounding prong in the center and two blades for phase and neutral on the sides, just above the center of the center pin. The wall outlets were rated for 13A and accepted 5A and 13A plugs. Many 13A plugs had a socket on the back that could only accept a 5A plug. Wylex sockets were installed in municipal and public housing, less often in the private sector. They were especially popular in the Manchester area, although they were installed throughout England, mainly in schools, university housing, and government laboratories. Wylex plugs and sockets continued to be produced after the final adoption of the G standard, and were widely used in banks and computer rooms throughout the 1960s and 1970s for sources uninterruptible power supply or "clean" filtered networks. It is not known exactly when Wylex stopped producing plugs and sockets; however, forks could be found commercially in the Manchester area until the mid-1980s.

Chuck adapters

Two Italian lamp holders, with outlet. Left - a sample of 1930 (porcelain and copper); on the right - approx. 1970 (black plastic).

The bulb socket plug fits into a bayonet or Edison screw socket. It allows you to connect electrical appliances to lamp holders. Such plugs were widely used in the 1920s and 1960s, when many homes lacked wall outlets, or none at all.

Often, lighting circuits are equipped with a fuse or a 5A circuit breaker, which does not allow to exclude overheating of the cartridge. In the adapters themselves, fuses were very rarely installed. In the UK and some other countries, the use of such adapters is prohibited for fire safety reasons.

In Italy, plugs for lamp Edison screw sockets were used very widely while the lighting network was separated from the network. general purpose, and some places in houses (eg basements) were usually not equipped with outlets.

Type A adapters are still readily available in the Americas.

Rare types

NEMA 2-15 and 2-20

Ungrounded plugs with two flat parallel pins are a variant of plug 1-15, but are designed to supply a voltage of 240 volts instead of 120. 2-15 have coplanar power contacts (rotated 90 ° with respect to the contacts in conventional American plugs), and the rated voltage / current 240V 15A, while 2-20 have two power contacts rotated 90 ° relative to each other (one vertical, the other horizontal) and a nominal 240V 20A. NEMA 2 plugs and sockets are very rare because they have been banned from household use in the United States and Canada for decades. They are potentially dangerous because they are not grounded and in some cases the plugs may be inserted into outlets with different voltages. Prior to the adoption of the NEMA standard for 120V at 20A, a plug almost identical to Type 2-20 was used. The 2-20 plug fits into 5-20 and 6-20 sockets with different voltages.

Walsall Gauge, UK

Unlike standard British BS 1363 plugs, the grounding contact is horizontal, and the phase and neutral contacts are vertical. This type of plug was used by the BBC and is still sometimes used on the London Underground on low voltage networks.

Italian connector Bticino Magic security

Magic security connectors were developed by Bticino in the 1960s as an alternative to Euro plugs or L-type connectors. Sockets of this type are almost rectangular, the plugs were inserted into a shaped slot, closed by a safety cover with the inscription "Magic", which could only be opened when the corresponding plug was inserted into it. At least four models were produced: three single-phase general purpose connectors nominated for 10A, 16A and 20A respectively, and a three-phase industrial connector for 10A. Each connector had its own slot shape so that it was impossible to plug the plugs into the inappropriate sockets. Contacts are located on both sides of the plug. The plug only connects to electricity when it is fully inserted into the outlet.

The obvious disadvantage of the system is that it is incompatible with Euro plugs. Since household appliances have never been sold with such a plug, after installing such outlets, it was necessary to replace the plugs with the appropriate Magic security. However, the system Magic security was at first quite popular with consumers who value security; the connectors used then were not sufficiently safe. When safety covers for L-type sockets (VIMAR Sicury) were invented, Magic sockets almost fell out of use.

In Italy, the Magic system has not been officially abandoned, and it is still available in the Bticino product catalog, although it is not popular.

In Chile, 10A Magic connectors are commonly used in computer and laboratory environments, as well as in telecommunications facilities, as a benchmark for reliability and safety, due to their polarization, difficulty in accidental disconnection, etc.

Brazil, using a mixture of Europlug and NEMA, later adopted it as the national NBR 14136 standard in 2001. A gradual transition is planned, starting in 2007 and ending in 2010 (retailers and resellers can sell devices without time limits, but importers are not allowed to import non-conforming devices, and manufacturers are not allowed to sell them in their country).

Multi-standard sockets

A standard Thai grounded outlet that supports European 2-prong plugs and both earthed and ungrounded US plugs

Sockets supporting different plug types can be found in different countries where market size or local market conditions make it impractical to develop a specific plug standard. These plugs accept plugs of various European, Asian and North American standards. Because many plug standards are tied to their respective voltages, multi-plug outlets are not guaranteed to protect against damage to other voltages. This forces users to know the voltage requirements for their devices, as well as the voltage prevailing in the host country. With such outlets, you can safely use devices that automatically adjust to the desired voltage and frequency, and do not require grounding.

These outlets may have one or more grounding holes for three-prong plugs. In correctly routed circuits, the ground pin is actually grounded; however, to determine whether this is so, it is possible only with the help of special instruments. Even correctly wired sockets cannot guarantee a ground connection to all types of plugs, since it is difficult to create an outlet of this design.

With a three-phase electric stove connection, the load on each phase is reduced separately due to the fact that each part of the stove is connected to a separate phase.

With a single-phase connection, the load on a single phase increases. The maximum power consumption of a typical modern electric stove is 8-10 kW, which at a voltage of 220V corresponds to a current strength of 36-45A. Ordinary household wall sockets are designed, as a rule, for a current of no more than 16A, therefore, the stove must be connected to the mains either in a one-piece way, or with a grounded connector designed for the appropriate current strength.

Different countries have different practices for connecting electric stoves.

For example, the Swiss regulations dictate that equipment with a current draw of more than 16A must either be connected to the mains in a permanent way, with suitable branch protection, or connected using a suitable industrial connector for the rated current.

The electrical safety rules of some other countries do not say anything about the method of connecting electric stoves, and everyone is free to choose the connection method independently. Often, the consumer himself buys the first non-standard pair of plug and socket for a particular electric stove and it often happens that they are designed for a current of 25-32A, since the user hopes that the stove usually never turns on at full power. The non-standardness of the plug and socket is due to the lack of national standards for connecting electric stoves.

See also

Links

• IEC Zone: Plugs and sockets Wikipedia

IEC connector is the generic name for a set of thirteen female power cord connectors (hereinafter referred to as a plug) and thirteen male panel-mounted connectors (called an input) defined by a specification ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Rosette. This article is missing an introduction. Please add an introductory section that briefly covers the topic of the article. Contained ... Wikipedia

This article is about construction, technical features and the history of the development of plug connectors. For country-specific plug-in standards, see List of plug-in standards ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Voltage ... Wikipedia

- (CEE 7/17), mechanically polarized version The contour plug (Type designation: CEE 7/17) has been designed to be used throughout Europe like the Europlug. It is used when the device does not require protective grounding, but p ... Wikipedia

Most often, electrical appliances are supplied with a ready-made system for connecting them to the network. However, there are situations when it is necessary to replace an element such as an electric plug. It is very important to choose the appropriate option, as well as to connect it correctly. In order to avoid unpleasant situations in the future, you should study the technology for repairing equipment.

Types of electric plugs

There are only three types of electrical plugs. These are collapsible and non-collapsible (cast) types of equipment.

Each of them performs the same function. An electrical plug of any type serves as a mains connection with a current conductor.

Die-cast plugs have gained great popularity in the world of modern household appliances. They are reliable, aesthetic and also comfortable. The wire is attached to the pins by spot welding. The system in this case resembles a single wire. There is no contact in this case. This method of fastening ensures that there is no oxidation and weakening at the points where the wire is connected to the pins of the plug.

The reason for the breakage of the cast plug is the fracture of the conductor at the base. Usually such devices are not repaired.

A collapsible plug will help bring the device back to life. The electric cord with the plug is connected very tightly. How better contact, the better the equipment works.

World plug markings

Depending on the state that produces the presented equipment, there are 13 varieties of a gift and plugs for them. They are labeled with Latin letters.

Types A and B of electrical plugs are assigned to American plugs. Type A does not have a grounding point, and type B already contains a place for its connection. Their pins are flat.

Type C belongs to European non-grounded round prong plugs. English sockets are marked D. The pins are round, two thin and one thick.

French earthing plugs have two circular prongs. The third is in the socket.

An F-grounding type plug is similar to C. Only it has two grounding plates.

English plugs include types M and G. Other European varieties include sockets J, K, L. Australian plugs for electrical cords are marked with the letter I, and Israeli plugs are marked with N.

To connect the plug to incompatible sockets, adapters are used.

Electric plugs in our country

In our country, there are 4 types of trailed and cast forks.

Type C is a non-separable forks. They most often come with household appliances and are connected to a cord.

Type C5 has round pins with a diameter of 4 mm, without earthing contacts. The power of the equipment connected to such a plug does not exceed 1.3 kW (6 A).

Type C6 belongs to equipment such as an electric plug, which may not have a grounding trailer. In some versions, they have a grounding prong. The diameter of the pins is 4.8 mm. The plug is rated for power up to 2 kW (10 A).

Type C1-b includes collapsible versions designed for a power of 1.3 kW (6 A).

Which plug is better?

There is an opinion among professional electricians that a molded plug is still more reliable. This applies to quality products from renowned manufacturers.

The connection of the wire to the pins occurs at the factory by soldering or, in very rare cases, crimping. Subsequent hermetic casting of the body reliably protects the connection point, and also prevents oxidation processes in this section.

The only weak point in such a product is the connection of the conductor to the plug. If a break occurs, it is best not to try to disassemble the cast version of the product. Having decided to fix the device, you should connect a collapsible plug to the wire.

Rules for connecting plug C1-b

Different types of plugs will require some installation rules for each plug.

For C1-b detachable plugs, ensure good contact between the wire and the pins. The ends of the conductors should be tinned.

The insulation is removed from the cable by 20-25 mm without touching the cores. Rings should be formed around the yoke crimp screws. The remaining overlap is wound around the stripped base.

The finished ring is removed and carefully tinned so as not to press on the insulation. Then they are put back on the screws and clamped until they stop. Care must be taken not to rip the thread.

The pins with wires are inserted into the seating grooves. The outgoing wire is pressed with an insulating strip without damaging the outer sheath of the cable. Next, the halves of the plug are tightened with a bolt and nut.

Connecting the wire to the plug C5 and C6

Here, the process of connecting the wire is even easier. The electric plug of the C5 and C6 type already includes special pads. You do not need to form rings. Wire with a cross section of 2.5 mm square. envy up to 10 mm, and from 1.5 mm square. - up to 20 mm. This is due to the connection technology.

Thin wires will need to be folded in half before fastening. The core is twisted and inserted into the terminal.

From time to time, it is better to tighten the pads in order to ensure good quality contact. In such devices, it is good enough.

If the power supply does not provide grounding, do not connect an extra contact anywhere. The third conductor is left uncleaned as a reserve. It can come in handy when one of the veins breaks.

Installing a plug with a high power rating on an electrical appliance will increase its safety margin. However, putting a fork with a lower withstand load on the equipment, you should expect it to overheat, breakdown and create an emergency. Be sure to pay attention to the marking of the plug and the power of the household appliance.

Having familiarized yourself with the varieties of such an electrical element as an electric plug, you can choose the right option for replacing the old plug. There are several types of such devices. Each is selected in accordance with the required load of the household appliance to which the wire with a plug is connected. By making the connection in accordance with all the rules, there is no doubt about the durability and safety of the power plug.

Try to imagine homo modernus without mobile phones, cameras, laptops, navigation systems and other gadgets? The answer is simple: it’s impossible. Well, all these benefits of civilization cannot exist without "food", they need recharging.
That is why beaches, parks, museums fade into the background, and the first thing a traveler should think about is what sockets and what voltage will be in the country where he is going.
In most cases, the issue is solved with an adapter. But it can become useless if the voltage in the network is very different from the native, domestic one. For example, in Europe, the voltage varies from 220 to 240 V, in the USA and Japan - from 100 to 127 V. If you don't guess, burn your device.
Let's try to figure out the intricacies of electrical engineering.

Voltage and frequency

By and large, only two levels of electrical voltage are used in the household network in the world:
European - 220 - 240 V and American - 100 - 127 V, and two values ​​of the frequency of alternating current - 50 and 60 Hz.

Voltage 220 - 240 V at 50 Hz is used by most countries in the world.
Voltage 100-127 V @ 60 Hz - in the USA, countries of North, Central and, partially, South America, Japan, etc.
At the same time, there are variations, for example, in the Philippines, 220 V and 60 Hz, and in Madagascar, on the contrary, 100 V and 50 Hz, even within the same country, depending on the region, there may be different standards, for example, in different parts of Brazil , Japan, Saudi Arabia, the Maldives.

Therefore, before you set off, collect as much information as possible about the circuits and signals, the types of sockets used in the country and the voltage in the network.

Electrical outlets

There are a lot of sockets, plugs and options for connecting to the electrical network. But do not be alarmed, there is no need to deal with everyone and look for each adapter.
It is necessary to remember (save, sketch, photograph) the 13 most used types of sockets, which are denoted by Latin letters from A to M:

Type A - American electrical outlet and plug: two flat, parallel contacts. It is used in most countries of North and Central America (USA, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Guatemala), in Japan, and almost everywhere where the mains voltage is 110 V.
Type B is a variation of the Type A connector, with an additional round grounding pin. Commonly used in the same countries as the Type A connector.
Type C - European socket and plug. Has two round contacts, parallel to each other (without grounding). This is the most popular outlet in Europe, excluding England, Ireland, Malta and Cyprus. Used where the voltage is 220V.
Type D is an old British standard with three circular contacts in a delta shape, with one of the contacts thicker than the other two, rated for maximum current. Used in India, Nepal, Namibia, Sri Lanka.
Type E is a plug with two round blades and a hole for the grounding lug located in the socket of the socket. This type is now almost universally used in Poland, France and Belgium.
Type F - The standard is similar to type E, but instead of a round grounding contact, there are two metal clamps on both sides of the connector. You will find such sockets in Germany, Austria, Holland, Norway, Sweden.
Type G - British socket with three flat contacts. Used in England, Ireland, Malta and Cyprus, Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong.
Note. This type of socket is often supplied with a built-in internal fuse. Therefore, if after connecting the device it does not work, then the first thing to do is to check the condition of the fuse in the outlet.
Type H - has three flat contacts or, in the earlier version, the circular contacts are organized in the shape of the letter V. Used only in Israel and the Gaza Strip. Not compatible with any other plug, designed for voltage values ​​of 220 V and current up to 16 A.
Type I - Australian socket: two flat pins, as in the American type A plug, but they are angled to each other - in the shape of the letter V. Also available in a version with a ground contact. Used in Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Argentina.
Type J - Swiss plug and socket. It is similar to a Type C plug, but has an additional grounding prong in the middle and two circular power blades. Used in Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Ethiopia, Rwanda and the Maldives.
Type K - Danish socket and plug, similar to European type C, but with a grounding pin located at the bottom of the connector. Used in Denmark, Greenland, Bangladesh, Senegal and the Maldives.
Type L - Italian plug and socket, similar to European type C socket, but with a circular grounding pin located in the center, the two circular power pins are unusually in line. Used in Italy, Chile, Ethiopia, Tunisia and Cuba.
Type M - African socket and plug with three round triangular pins, with the grounding pin being clearly thicker than the other two. It looks like a D-type connector, but it has much thicker pins. A socket is intended for powering devices with a current of up to 15 A. Used in South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho.

A few words about various adapters.

The easiest way to be ready to put the plug in the outlet is to purchase an adapter, converter or transformer in advance (who has what needs). In most hotels, if you apply, the required device will be picked up at the reception.

Adapters - combine your plug with someone else's outlet, without affecting the voltage, the most versatile device.
Converters - provide conversion of local power grid parameters, but for a short time, up to 2 hours. It is used for small (hiking) household appliances: hairdryer, razor, kettle, iron. Convenient on the road due to its small size and weight.
Transformers are more powerful, larger and more expensive voltage converters designed for continuous operation. Used for complex electrical appliances: computers, televisions, etc.

And at the end, an easy life hack on how to use an English outlet without an adapter

Happy travel!

Sources: wikimedia.org, travel.ru, enovator.ru, personal experience.