The creator of the first successful information exchange system with radio waves (radio telegraph) is considered an Italian engineer Gulielmo Marconi. (1895).
Marconi receiver with coherer
However, Marconi, as in most authors of large inventions, were predecessors. In Russia, the inventor of radio telegraphers traditionally consider A. S. PopovaCreated in 1895, a month later Marconi, sensitive and reliably worked radio, suitable for radio communications.
In the first experiments on the radio commissioned in the physical office, and then in the garden of the mine officer class, the receiver detected radiation of radio signals sent by the transmitter, up to 60 m. In the US, the radio inventor is considered Nikola Tesla, patented in 1893 a radio transmitter, and in 1895 - a receiver; His priority before Marconi was recognized in court in 1943.
In France, the inventor of wireless telegraph was considered for a long time the creator of the coherer (Branley tube) was considered (1890) Eduard Branley.
In India, radio broadcast in the millimeter range in November 1894 demonstrates Sir Jagadish Chandra Boshe.
In England, in 1894, the first demonstrates a radio transmission and a radiot to a distance of 40 meters inventor of the coherer (Branley tube with shakes) Oliver Joseph Lodzh..
The first inventor of the methods of transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves (which were called for a long time "The Waves of Hertz - Hertzian Waves") is their own discoverer, German scientist Heinrich Hertz (1888).
The main stages of the history of the invention of the radio in terms of the development of the theory and practice of radio communications look like this :
1820 - Danish scientist, physicist Hans Christian Ersted Demonstrated that the wire carrying the flow deflects the magnetized arrow of the compass.
1829 - American physicist Joseph Henry In experiments with Leiden banks discovered that their electrical discharges cause magnetization at the distance of metal needles.
1831 - English physico-chemical Michael Faraday Opened the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
1837 - German physicist and astronomer Karl Ogast BackgroundHailIn exploring the properties of the two-wire telegraph unit, it has established that it could eliminate one of the wires and use the only wire for telegraph communications. This led him to the assumption that both wires can be eliminated and transmit the telegraph signals through the ground without wires connecting the stations.
1845 - Michael Faraday introduced the concept of an electromagnetic field.
1854 - Scotland James Bowman Lindsay Received a patent for a wireless telegraph system through water.
1859 - German physicist Berend Feddersen Experimentally proved that the discharges of Leiden cans launch essential oscillatory processes.
1860-1865 - English physicist James Clark Maxwell Created the theory of the electromagnetic field.
1866 - Makhlon Lumis (Mahlon Loomis), American Dantist, announced that he opened a way to wireless communication. Communication was carried out using two electrical wires raised by two air snakes, one of them with an intellectual was an antenna radio transmitter, a second-antenna radio receiver, when the chain is blurred from the ground, the galvanometer arrow in the circuit of another wire was deflected.
1868 - Lumis He stated that he repeated his experiments before representatives of the US Congress, sent signals to a distance of 22.5 km.
1872 - Lumis I received the world's first patent for wireless communication. Although President Grant signed a law on the financing of Lumis's experiments, the financing was not open. Unfortunately, no reliable data on the nature of the experiments of Lumis, as well as the drawings of its devices, has not been preserved. American patent also does not contain a detailed description of devices used by Lumise.
1879 - David Hughes when working with an induction coil discovered the effect of electromagnetic waves; However, the colleagues later convinced him that it was only about induction.
1888 - German physicist G. Herz. Proved the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz using the device that he called the vibrator carried out successful experiments on the transmission and receiving electromagnetic signals for a distance and without wires.
1890 - physicist and engineer Edward Branley In France, the instrument for registering electromagnetic waves, called them radioconductor (later - coherer) invented. In their experiments, Branley uses antennas in the form of wire segments. The results of Eduard Branley experiments were published in the Bulletin of the International Society of Electricians and Reports of the French Academy of Sciences.
1891 - Nikola Tesla (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) during the lectures publicly described the principles of radio signal transmission over long distances.
1893 - Tesla patents the radio transmitter and invents a mast antenna, with the help of which in 1895 transmits radio signals to a distance of 30 miles.
Between 1893 and 1894 - Roberto Landell de Mora, Brazilian priest and scientist, conducted experiments on the transmission of radio signal. Their results he did not announce until 1900, but later received a Brazilian patent.
1894 - Marconi, in their memories, influenced by the ideas of prof. Riga, expressed in the neccologist of the memory hertz, begins experiments on radio telegraph (initially - with the help of a vibrator Hertz and coherer Branley). However, no written evidence of the time that might confirm the experiments of Marconi held in 1894 is not available.
August 14, 1894. - the first public demonstration of experiments on wireless telegraph Oliver Lodge and Alexander Mirchad At lectures at the Museum Theater of the Natural History of Oxford University.
Lodge, Oliver Joseph
During the demonstration, the radio signal was sent from the laboratory in the neighboring Clarendon building and was accepted by the device in the theater (40 m) Invented the radio receiver ("Device for registration of electromagnetic waves") contained a radioconductor - Branley Tube with a shaker to which the Lodge gave name coherer, current source, relay and galvanometer; To shake the coherer in order to periodically restore its sensitivity to "hertz waves", it was used or an electric bell or a clockwork spring mechanism with a hammer-hook.
November 1894. - Public demonstration of experiments on wireless signal transmission in the millimeter range Sir Jagadish Chandra Boshe In the town hall of Calcutta. In addition, Bosch invented a mercury coherer that does not require physical shaking when working.
May 7, 1895at the meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society in St. Petersburg Alexander Stepanovich Popov He reads a lecture "On the relation of metal powders to electrical oscillations", on which, reproducing the experiments of the lodge with electromagnetic signals, demonstrated the device similar in general terms with the one that was previously used by the lodge. At the same time, Popov added to the design of the improvement. In the radio receiver, Popova hammer, shaking the coherer (Branley tube), worked not from the hourly mechanism, but from the radio pulse. Popov's contemporaries recognized that his design was a device that was subsequently used for wireless telegraph. The Popov itself has adapted the device for trapping atmospheric electromagnetic waves, called the "Ground-Tipper".
Spring 1895 - Marconi. Provides a radio signal by 1.5 km.
September 1895. - for some statements, Popov I attached a telegraph device to the receiver and received the telegraph record of the received radio signals. However, no documentary evidence of the experiences of Popov with radio telegraphy until December 1897 (that is, before publishing a patent and reports on the successful experiments of Marconi) does not exist. The version of the transfer of the Popov Radiograms earlier than Marconni V. S. Gabel.
September 2, 1896.- Marconi. Demonstrates its invention on the Salisbury Plain, transmitting a radiogram at a distance of 3 km.
1897 - Oliver Lodzh Invented the principle of adjustment to the resonant frequency.
1897 - French entrepreneur Eugene Ducrete Builds an experimental receiver of wireless telegraph in drawings provided by A. S. Popov.
April 24, 1897. - Popov At the meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, using the hertz vibrator and the receiver of its own design, transfers the first radiogram for the distance of 250 m: "Heinrich Hertz".
July 2, 1897.- Marconi. Receives British Patent No. 12039, "Improvements in the transmission of electrical pulses and signals in the transmitting machine". In general terms, the receiver of Marconi reproduced Popov receiver, (with some improvements), and its transmitter is the hertz vibrator with the improvements of Riga. It was fundamentally new that the receiver was initially connected to the telegraph apparatus, and the transmitter is connected to the Morse key, which has made a possible radio telegraph connection. Marconi used the antennas of the same length for the receiver and the transmitter, which made it possible to sharply increase the power of the transmitter; In addition, the Marconi detector was much more sensitive than the Popov detector, which recognized the Popov himself.
July 6, 1897. - Marconi. In the Italian Naval Base, the spice passes the phrase Viva L'Italia due to the horizon line - 18 km away.
November 1897. - building Marconi. The first constant radio station on about. White, connected with the guilt (23 km.)
January 1898. - first practical use radio: Marconi. Transmits (for the discontinuity of telegraph wires due to a snow storm) reports of journalists from Wales about William Gladstone's fatal disease
May 1898. - Marconi. For the first time applies system setup.
1898 - Marconi. Opens the first in the UK "Wireless Telegraph" plant in Chelmsford, England, which employs 50 people.
End of 1898. - Eugene Ducretoe (Paris) Starts to the small-seiner production of Popov's receivers. According to Duclete Memoram, he received drawings of devices from A. S. Popova thanks to intensive correspondence.
1898 - award A. S. Popov Prizes of the Russian Technical Society in 1898 "For the invention of the receiver of electromagnetic oscillations and instruments for telegraph without wires"
March 3, 1899. - radio communication for the first time in the world was successfully used in a marine rescue operation: a team and passengers of the shipwreck "Mashens" were saved using a radio telegraph "Mathens"
May 1899. - Popov's assistants P. N. Rykkin and D. S. Troitsky discovered the detector effect of the coherer. Based on this effect Popov Upgraded its receiver for receiving signals to the operator's headphones and patented as a telephone receiver.
1899 - sir Jagdish Chandra Boz (Calcutta) invented mercury coherers.
1900 - Radio communication again, for the first time in Russia, was successfully used in a marine rescue operation. According to the instructions of Popov, a radio station was built on the island of Gogland, near which the Armored Armor of the Coast Defense "General Admiral Apraksin" was located near. The radio telegraph messages for the island of the island of Gopland came from the Russian naval base in 25 miles of the transmission station of the Russian naval base in which the telegraph line was associated with the Admiralty of St. Petersburg. The devices used in the rescue operation were made in the workshops of Ezhen Duzret. As a result of the exchange of radiograms, Finnish fishermen from a torn ice floe in the Finnish Gulf was also saved.
1900 - Marconi. Receives Patent No. 7777 on the Radio Setup System ("Oscillating Sintonic Circuit").
1900 - Work Popova A large gold medal and a diploma at an international electrical exhibition in Paris are marked.
December 12, 1901. Marconi. He spent the first session of transatlantic radio communications between England and Newfoundland at a distance of 3200 km (handed over to the letter S. Morse). Before this was considered fundamentally impossible.
1905 - Marconi. Gets a patent for sending signals.
1906 - Rezhnald Fessenden and Lee de Forest We detect the possibility of amplitude modulation of the radio signal with a low-frequency signal, which allowed human speech on the air.
Reginald Obli Fessenden
Lee Forest
1909 - award Marconi and F. Brown Nobel Prize in Physics "In recognition of their merit in the development of wireless telegraph."
The invention of the radio gave rise to such sciences as radio astronomy, radiometrology, radio navigation, radio visiting, radio coat.
At the end of the 19th century, the need for the improvement of funds was acute wireless communication. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe invention and the creation of the world's first radio belongs to the Russian professor and Experimentator Alexander Stepanovich Popov. The Italian Gulielmo Marconi, who managed to stretch through the ocean spaciousness to a distance of 3,500 kilometers through the ocean spaciousness to the invention later than his invention.
The invention of radio, like many other outstanding discoveries, has always been determined by current historical needs.
However, the appearance of radio communications would not be a reality if G. Hertz and D.K. Maxwell did not spend its electromagnetic waves. It was Hertz in 1888 created a resonator and a vibrator of the wave data, which was called "Hertz rays." From the Latin Radius - in the translation "Ray" - subsequently, the word "radio", today known to almost all people.
Creating a first radio
After numerous experiments A.S. Popov provided a coherer with a wire antenna, an automatic shaking device and a relay signal circuit. The totality of these elements made it possible to make a radio receiver suitable for wireless telegraph communications. For the first time, his Radio Popov demonstrated in the spring of 1895, Russian Physicochemical Society. Its invention was a radio alarm system equipped with hertz generator and two metal plates antenna.
It was this system that has become the simplest species of the first wireless radio signaling device.
After the appearance of Radio Popov, the period of its improvement began, as well as the development of innovative radio devices. Despite the fact that Alexander Popov did not give a patent, russian laws It is considered the inventor of a radio receiver, which at that time was a key and original element of the technical system provided by Popov. The main purpose of the inventor was to use radio for wireless transmission of messages over long distances - it should be remembered that Alexander Popov proposed a radio receiver who had a unique ability to register not only natural electromagnetic oscillations, but also different signals Telegraph
Radio birth is celebrated in our country on May 7. On this day in 1895, Russian physicist Alexander Popov carried out the world's first radio session in the world with the help of a radio receiver. Total 120 years passed - and we no longer imagine our life without radio and its continuation: television, mobile communications, Internet, that is, types of communication based on the transmission of a physical (electrical or electromagnetic) signal. Let's try to briefly trace the evolution of technical thought: from the dream of mankind to its modern implementation.
Signal lights and kites
The need to transmit information over long distances emerged in humanity at the dawn of primitive civilization. At first, for this used the smoke of the fire or reflected sunlight, signal lights or pigeon mail. These methods, people have become over thousands of years, up to the invention of the flag signaling (at the end of the XVIII century) and telegraph (in 1832). However, over time, the transmitted information became increasingly difficult, which led to the creation of new systems.
British pigeon mail
The word "radio" translated from Latin Radiare means "emit, emit rays." The basis of the radio is electromagnetic waves. Today it is known to every student, but humanity guess about their existence only at the end of the XVII century - and that vaguely. Two centuries needed that the English scientist Michael Faraday in the late 1830s finally confidently declared the detection of electromagnetic waves. After another 30 years, another scientist from Great Britain James Maxwell finished building the theory of the electromagnetic field, which has found its use in physics.
At about the same time, the American Dantist Mallon Lumis (Mahlon Loomis) stated that he opened a way of wireless communication. The signal was transferred using two air coils to which the electrical wires were attached. One of them was an antenna radio transmitter, the second - an antenna radio. When the chain is blurred from the Earth, the galvanometer arrow is deflected and in the other wire circuit. According to the inventor statement, the signal was transmitted for a distance of more than 22 km. In 1872, Lumis received the world's first patent for wireless communication. But, unfortunately, the document does not contain a detailed description of the devices used by the inventor. The drawings of his devices are also not survived.
In 1880-1890, almost simultaneously, a number of scientists conducted successful experiments on the use of electromagnetic waves, while using improved elements. That is why today several countries immediately apply for the rank of radio inventor.
In Germany, Heinharch Hertz consider the discoverer of the methods of transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves. He did it in 1888. By the way, the waves themselves were called "Hertz Waves" (Hertzian Waves).
Reinforcing Tesla Transmitter
In the United States, they are confident that the deserve of the invention radio belongs to Nikola Tesch, patented in 1893 by the transmitter, and in the 1895th - receiver. By the way, in 1943 his priority before Marconi was recognized in court. This is due to the fact that the Markoni and Popov apparatus allowed us to carry out only a signal function using Morse alphabet. And the Tesla device could convert a radio signal into an acoustic sound. Such a design also has all modern radio devices, which are based on an oscillating circuit.
Gulielmo Marconi
Nevertheless, most countries consider the creator of the first successful information exchange system using radio waves (radio telegraphs) of the Italian engineer Gulielmo Marconi. He achieved this in 1895. Russian physicist Alexander Popov lagged behind him for only one month.
Radio in Russia
On May 7, 1895, Alexander Stepanovich spoke at a meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society in St. Petersburg with a lecture "On the relation of metal powders for electrical oscillations", on which, reproducing the experiments of the lodge with electromagnetic signals, demonstrated the device similar in general terms with which was previously used by the lodge. Popov introduced into the design of the improvement: in his radio receiver, the hammer, which shake the coherer (Branley tube), did not work from the hourly mechanism, but from the radio pulse.
First Radio Popov
Popov's contemporaries recognized that his design was a device that was subsequently used for wireless telegraph. The Popov itself has adapted the device for trapping atmospheric electromagnetic waves and called it a "gross point".
The Popov device was distinguished by sensitivity and reliability. In the first experiments on the radio communications conducted in the physical office, and then in the Garden of the mine officer class, the receiver detected radiation of radio signals sent by the transmitter, up to 60 m.
In April 1896, again at the meeting of the Russian physicochemical society of Popov, using the hertz vibrator and the receiver of his own design, passed to the distance of 250 m radiogram: "Heinrich Hertz". Thus, we can assume that it was Popov who first managed to demonstrate the ability to transmit a radio signal that carried certain information in itself.
The first radio stations in Russia were ordered by the king from the French company Duqret. The consultant when performing these works was Popov.
By 1917, the radio has already become a means of the media. And soon the Russian telegraph Agency began to send information to subscribers for the established fee.
In 1918, a radio station "Growth" appeared, and since 1921, the transfer of music and voice broadcasting was possible. On the air of the Soviet Union, verses of a questioned character, satirical stories, and in 1923 the first radio concerned was given.
During the Great Patriotic War The broadcasts from the front, "to the front" and reports from the Soviet Information Office, were broadcast on the air, and on June 24, 1945, the Victory Parade was broadcast on Red Square.
In 1945, on May 7, the 50th anniversary of the invention of the radio was widely celebrated on May 7 in the USSR. In this regard, the government of the country decided to consider this date an annual radio day.
No longer just radio
Today is the day of the radio - this professional holiday Not only those who are engaged in transferring information. The direct attitude towards it also have those who are engaged in the protection of information, creates radio-electronic struggle devices (RES), navigation systems, and other most complex radio-electronic equipment. It is impossible to list everything, we will tell only about the three, newest developments.
In 2014, a system for the protection of information was created for the Russian YotaPhone using ViPNet technology. Thanks to this device, the smartphone becomes unavailable for hacking not only to ordinary attackers, but also to professional organizations and even perhaps the special services of other countries.
Due to mass computerization and ubiquitous implementation network technologies The development in the field of cybersecurity is becoming tremendous. Under the threat of cyberrorism there are information that constitutes state secrets, and high-tech industrial facilities, global transport hubs and throughput terminals, electronic payment systems and intelligent automation devices. Celebration specialists are actively involved in cybersecurity. Recently, they sent to the expertise in the Ministry of Communications of Russia the latest samples of domestic means of information protection (SZI). And in 2015, they intend to start organizing a technological line to create them.
Finally, a new complex of short-wavelength funds for the highest links of the land forces "Antey", which began in February 2015. It provides data transfer to a distance of up to 4 thousand km (Field Radio Center) and up to 8 thousand km (stationary radio centers) even in a complex interference. "Antey" was created by specialists of the united instrument-making corporation. There were no such developments in the domestic radio industry about 30 years.
Russia and west have various opinions on this
Wireless transmission on the outcome of the 19th century of the first telegraph signals has become the beginning of the process, as a result of which, after 20 years, radio and radio stations appeared. If you contact the background, as a result of which this invention was made of an epochal value, it is unlikely to bring surprise that the right to be called him by the author is given to two scientists - Italian Gulielmo Marconi (Guglielmo Marconi) and Alexndru Stepanovich Popov. At the end of the 19th century, the conviction existed that physics is the science that everything is already known that it makes no sense to look for something fundamentally new. Therefore, gifted graduates of the school discouraged to study physics. Since then nothing foreshadowed a coup, which had to bring with him with the beginning of the new century a quantum theory and theory of relativity, researchers focused their efforts on the further development of fundamental physics on the already existing base.
Heinrich Hertz as a pioneer
It was a time when scientists have fling to enthusiasm caused by James Maxwell, developed in 1864 by James Maxwell) of the theory of electrodynamics. Maxwell theoretically proved that in space there should be waves that apply with the speed of light, and it predicted many of their properties. The theory of Maxwell became soon one of the foundations of physics. Professor from Carlsruhe Heinrich Heinrich Heinrich Heinrich invented the equipment to send and take such waves than the correctness of Maxwell's predictions regarding their properties.
It is clear that physicists who worked in the most famous universities of the world were with great interest to the results that Hertz published in 1886, and his experiments were an important conversation among colleagues. Of course, there is also the fact that colleagues specialists of physical institutions repeated the experiments of Hertz, after which they improved the equipment. And the appearance of the idea that the waves obtained in this way can be used as a carrier of messages, was inevitable. The large economic significance, which has already been received by both Telegraph and the phone, was forced to come to the conclusion that lay almost on the surface that wireless transmission of messages could have a greater benefit. Opening, if you can say that, Vital in the air.
The son of the village priest Alexander Stepanovich Popov (1859-1906) was originally intended to become a priest. But soon he had other interests, he entered the University of St. Petersburg, who finished with honors from the department of mathematics. After that, he was going to make an academic career. One soon he had an interest in electrical engineering, in whose area all new discoveries appeared. In this regard, he visited the Maritime School in Kronstadt (located in the vicinity of St. Petersburg), in which he became an instructor for the care of the electrical equipment of warships.
In the library of the school, he found the work of Heinrich Hertz, who were greatly interested. He repeated the experiments of Hertz and soon tried to transfer the waves thus obtained for long distances. In 1986, he demonstrated his experiments in front of the individual Society of St. Petersburg, passing the signals using the Morse ABC inside the University Building. However, he did not continue their surveys in this direction, but turned to research recently open X-ray in Germany. However, in September 1896, he learned from newspapers that Marconi received a patent. In this regard, he was forced to return to the Waves of Hertz. In collaboration with Russian naval forces, he managed to transfer a signal by 10 kilometers, and in a year - by 50 kilometers.
Related recognition of the opening of Popov
Popov received for his work of the discoverer for surprise modest recognition. Only after half a century, when the Soviet Union sowed, thanks to the victory over Hitler Germany, an increased sense of self-esteem, began to emphasize the fact that the real inventor of the radio is Alexander Popov. What basic research was conducted in St. Petersburg. On May 7, 1945, a celebration on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the invention took place in the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. It was attended by the most high-ranking leaders of the party and the army, as well as the daughter of Popov. A special postage stamp was released with his portrait and an inscription: "Popov, the inventor of the radio." It was decided to celebrate on May 7 as a "Radio Day". But they soon forgot about this decision.
Almost at the same time, it worked on the same problem in Italy Gulielmo Marconi (1874-1937). He studied physics in a technical school in Livorno, where he learned about the results obtained by Heinrich Herz. In 1984, he repeated Hertz experiments in the laboratory. Soon he understood the possibility of transferring messages, and in the same year he managed to transfer a message to a distance of two kilometers. Since in Italy, he was interested in a little and, first of all, the military, he left in 1986 to London, where he continued his work. Already in the same year he managed to transfer a message to a distance of 10 kilometers. He received a patent on his various inventions and founded the company "Marconi Wireless and Telegraph Company".
Marconi makes it possible from the impossible
In December 1901, that is, 100 years ago, he began to his main experiment, and he managed to transfer the signal across the Atlantic. At the same time, in Cornville, at the most western point of England, there was a transmitter, and on Newfoundland a reception station. The result of the experiment was perceived in all industrial states as a sample sensation. Scientists, first of all Poincare (Poincare), Lord of French physics, in particular, convincingly proved that the waves can go to the globe only under external influenceTherefore, their distribution range cannot exceed a few hundred kilometers. The fact that the Earth is Oboyan Jonosphere, which can reflect the waves, then did not yet know.
Russian Popov, unlike marconi, failed to continue its development. As the invention of Popov did not receive commercial use, it turned out to be completely in a different economic plane. On the fracture of the centuries in Western Europe, industry developed extremely dynamically. New scales acquired the supply of electric energy, the railway network expanded, the initiative entrepreneurs hunted everywhere in the inventions capable of bringing money, in excess was capital for investment in risky projects. Since in Russia there was no whole, Popov soon turned to other things.
Another question is why they paid attention to the radio and rated it from a commercial point of view in Europe, and not in the United States. Find the answer is not easy. It is always difficult to determine why it was not done that or that. One of the reasons could be that the technical update in the United States occurred under the exceptional influence of the ideological wealth of Thomas Edison. He held a special position among the inventors of his time. He presented the world of important inventions more than anyone else. Of course, Edison knew about the works of Henry Hertz. However, it seems that Edison has not considered the priority to the areas of physics that later became the foundation of electronics. Who is the true inventor of the radio? Sources indicate that Popov demonstrated wireless transmission Clear to perceive signals in March 1986 and that did the same thing a few months before the Marconi, however, in the absence of the public and specialists. What conclusion can be made of this? In principle, the values \u200b\u200bof the creative achievement of the inventor does not diminish the fact that some other, not knowing about it, at the same time invented the same thing else. Therefore, the achievement of Popov deserves absolute recognition. The priority question from the point of view of the preparation of a patent for the invention is not worth it, since Popov did not file any applications for obtaining it. However, for subsequent generations, a decisive is those who embodied the idea of \u200b\u200bpractice, and this merit, no doubt, belongs to Gulielmo Marconi, who later was noted by the Nobel Prize.
Insurance materials contain estimates of exclusively foreign media and do not reflect the position of the EOSMI's editorial office.
All comments
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10:53 17.08.2010 | 4
Merkulov.
The truth about G.Makoni hide in Switzerland
Activity in the praise of Marconi (1874-1937) and in Russia, academicians, professors, associate professors, director of the Research Institute, Engineers, Laureates of the State were noted in Russia. Prizes, journalists and historians writers. They tried! In addition to publications in journals and newspapers, their erudition and the right view of the authorship in the invention of the radio were reported to encyclopedias and even to educational programs. The farce and comedy situation conclude, however, in the fact that the scientists who opened the ideological company did not see and not acquainted with their own works of a foreign star. Reading the works of Russian ternal cosmopolitans, shows that the actual knowledge of them about the idol consists of a phrase: �, marconi is a head! � - a similar expression of provincial �pike vests in the famous novel I. Ilf and E.Petrov �.In the youth of Marconi dreamed by sea captain to become. But did not cope with school at school. Began training at home. The entrance exams in the Italian Naval Academy traveled everything. The next year, he failed to enter the University of Bologna. Education finished on that.
Thanks to private classes in physics with a neighbor, famous Italian scientist A.rigi (1850 - 1921), Marconi was carried away by experiments on wireless transmission of electrical signals. Due to the low-formation and lack of experience with the equipment, he could hardly come up with something his own head in physics and make hands. Marconi's memoirs recalls that in the summer of 1895, the first receiving-transmitting installation in the estate of his parents (as a toy) for the money of the father was collected by three civil engineers from Bolonya under the methodological leadership of A. Liga. Subsequently, the successes of the young fool in the transmission of electromagnetic oscillations of high frequency none of them confirmed. In the autobiographies of Marconi, it does not report their appeals to scientific and technical journals, Italian patents offices with proposals for publishing the content of work, the registration of the championship in conducting them.
In English, London Markoni went to escape from calling to the army service. On March 31, 1896, he was brought with the Aristocrat of Blue Blood and the head of the Britain's telegraph office V.Pris (1834 - 1913). There is a version that Pos, after familiarization with fantasies, sketches and components of Marconi, asked the technical service of the British Navy to conduct an examination and testing the brought toolkit. There, under the leadership of Captain Jackson (1855-1929) from a mine officer school, in the future of the famous admiral, installed equipment for meaningful demonstrations. Marconi showed the public the first operating transmitter in July 1896 with a range of 400 m. The receiver was a device copied with French laboratory layouts E. Branley (1844 - 1940) and Englishman O. Lodha (1851 - 1940).
Support, Jackson and Marconi, being familiar with the configuration of the device A.S. Popova (1859 - 1906), at first did not understand its significance. Only in the spring of 1897 to them, it turns out that the semantic telegraph departures are provided by air provided by the scheme of the Russian engineer. The receiving-transmission system (PPP) on the basis of the addition of Popov was also tested in May 1897 in the English Bristol Channel. Success in the tests of �vspril's head impliss. On June 4, 1897 (on Friday, in the evening), she made a report at an extraordinary convened meeting of the British Royal Institute (analogue of the Imperial S.-Petersburg An) with the presentation of the results achieved. British magazine �The Electrician published the text of the report and the scheme of PPS June 11, 1897
G.Makoni subsequently showed himself a successful manager, organizer of experiments and mass production of radio equipment. However, in physics, his knowledge level remained low. Being already in the mature age, he did not excel the diffraction from refraction, in 50 years (1924) argued that short waves spread the world 100 times faster than long waves (www.radio.ru/archive/1924/01).
A comparatively successful assessment of Marconi gave an English engineer-science writer A. Klark (1917 - 2008): �on was not in full sense inventor. The idea was worn in the air. Even before it was trial messaging messages on small distances. But it was Markoni who played a huge role in spreading radio, since the first to realize its meaning. He founded a commercial organization on the introduction of radio and made the first transatlantic transmission (1902), which many scientists were considered impossible due to the curvature of the earth's surface.
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11:05 17.08.2010 | 3
Merkulov.
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11:06 17.08.2010 | 3
Merkulov.
What radio was present by G. Makoni? (JUDGE FOR YOURSELF!)
G.Makoni's first patent (G.Marconi) №12039 from 02.07.1897 "Improvements in the transmission of electrical pulses and signals, and in the equipment for this" ("Improvements in Transmitting Electrical Impulses and Signals and in Apparatus Theraefor") were hidden over 100 years .Tangle of ideas kented as "elusive Joe". Many heard about him and repaid. But to explore ("catch") his particularly no one was going. With all of the fact, it is revered as "Higher Intim" in the circle of "generals" from the world and Russian history of the science of radio communications. In the laudatory publications and reports on the affairs of Marconi, thousands of authors expressed admiration and infinite loss of the name of the document. If these delights managed to convert into energy without loss, it was enough for the power supply of radio stations around the world. However, on the "hearing" engineer-practice, the name "sounds" is ordinary, besides, without specifying the technology of "transmission" - wired or wireless.
According to the text of the document (see on the Web network) under "improvements", the exotic intentions of the author disseminate EMV not only by air, but also through land and water; Under the "equipment for this" - the device implementing the idea, with the conversion of their schemes and descriptions. There are other wonderful "lyrical sketches":
- "When the transmission (EMV) go through the ground or water, I attach one end of the tube or contact (detector) to the ground, and other ends are preferably similar to each other, isolated from the ground to conductors or plates in the air";
- "This (EMV reception) can be achieved by connecting the ends of the sensitive tube (detector) to two earthing, located at some distance from each other along the vacuum arrival line. These compounds cannot be sufficiently conductive, so there must be a suitable capacitor capacitor with plates of 0.83 sq. M. (with a dielectric in the form of paraffin paper) ";
- "With the modifications of the given devices, it is possible to transmit signals not only through relatively small obstacles, such as brick walls, ancient et al., But also across or through the masses of metal, or hills, or mountains that can be between transmitting and receiving tools."
The descriptive part of the patent №12039 is placed on many pages. The capabilities of the forum do not allow full part of the physical nestness of the security document. For example, the need to install structural elements of selection in the receiving part of the PPS in the absence of those in the transmitting and mn. The basic scheme of PPPs with reflex antennas for ether communication "did not go" into practice.
The pseudo-native attempts of Marconi replenish the science with new "discoveries" indicate serious gaps in his knowledge of physics and electrical engineering. By the time of submission of Patent Applications (12039), the applicant for the invention of the radio did not conduct experimental work. If he had spent them, it quickly made sure that the electrical fluctuations of the high frequency through the ground and the water did not pass, and when the air propagation from the metal mass (plates) is reflected.
P.S.: After 2004, the text and illustration of the document of 12039 Markoni published. However, no one in the world has failed to get a certified copy of the Patent Materials with BBP.
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11:10 17.08.2010 | 2
Merkulov.
Obvious - the incredible discovery of America on the radio Marconi in 1901
The gloves of Marconi Foreign and Russian "scientists" of Verkhokladays cause doubts about their own qualifications. For example! On December 12, 1901 at 12.30, the afternoon of Marconi rose to the highest level of the signaling hill near St. John's O. Nyufaunland in Canada. Here he tried through the headset of the simplest detector receiver to disassemble the three telegraph dots of the letter "S", transmitted to him on a wave of 366 m from England (Popoli). Heard atmospheric discharges. But everyone said that he had heard. In the absence of witnesses! In the memoirs, he wrote that A. Bell (1847-1922) and N.Tesla (1856-1943) expressed support for his experiment in the United States. In fact, Bell said: "I doubt that Marconi did it. It is impossible." Tesla and at all found Marconi with a non-smaller and charlatan, who also stole 17 patents from him; I also reported that myself conducts biological communication sessions with Mars. In Europe, well-known scientists also did not believe in the event, among them the British, O. Lodzh, W. Pries - former ch. The engineer of the British Telegraph and the mentor ("Father") of Marconi and others. They suggested that in Canada rather, Marconi heard "points" of thunderstorms of lightning.The failure sled out Marconi, and he began to do what he should have done immediately, - listening to signals of electromagnetic oscillations as it should be removed from the transmitter in half. In two months in February 1902, in swimming from England to America, on a steamer "Philadelphia", Marconi has already conducted communication tests and learned that the EMV does not move on a third of the way between continents (3500 km), and at night are transferred over long distances . From the initial statement of the transferean reception of marcon signals did not refuse. It insisted in the Nobel report of 1909
Later, scientists investigated that the phenomenon of far distribution EMV is explained by their reflections from the electrical layers of the ionosphere in the dark. In 1941, the shepherd in the famous film "Pinagka and the Shepherd" in the appeal to the Pernarke: "Radio waves at night!" According to the laws of physics, the event on December 12, 1901 could not happen. In addition to the oral statements by Marcon, there are no confirmation of the case. Its movements in the "Fathers of Radio" come in the adoration of the hero - in 2001, the 100th anniversary of the unique adventures of the XX century said everywhere. In the history of science. After 18 months. The British BBC half has opened the "The New Marconi Center" - the Museum in memory of the game of imagination (and on the stock exchange) of Markoni.
This is how Marconi in the memoirs himself described the events of December 1901: the first points of the letter "S" from 25 kW of the transmitter from England arrived in Canada 12 Dec. at 12.30 (at 17.30 - in British time); Signals received "hearing" from the receiver with an insensitive mercury detector, unpaid seal on paper tape; The next day, at noon, the point heard again, but with less constancy; Dec. I could not work, because Strong wind blew up an inflatable balloon, raising an antenna wire; By evening, Dec. He turned out to be a letter from the "Anglo-American Telegraph Company" (ATK), where the legal adviser reported that Marconi would be brought to justice for violation of the exclusive rights of the company to transceansean telegraph messages; On the same day, Marconi notified the press about his success in one-sided transmission of the semantic signal from England to Canada. No one from the curious engineers and journalists failed to hear "hello" transferred from England. Marconi did not agree to ignore the prohibition of the AAK. Recall that with biblical times, any matters are taken to consider actual if there are documents or testimony, at least three witnesses.
Obviously, Marconi arrived in Canada not in order to receive from England the departure in the form of the letter "S", and in the calculation of the reception more serious, rather, the congratulatory text, etc. However, the relationship did not work. As an experienced shoeler with a bad game, he built a "good mine" and bluffing. He stated that the telegraph dots heard. In english. By code S. Morza, one point means the letter "E", two points - "I", three points - "s". To trust more, he announced that he had heard the sets of points of the letter "S". Formally, this was difficult to refute in 1901. In the receiver's headphone, atmospheric interference in the form of many points is quite often audible.
Marconi did not return to the repetition of the experiment 1901. By mid-1902, increased the transmitter power. Success in establishing a wireless communication between Europe and America, he reached at the end of 1907 on a wavelength of 3660 m and in the dark. The technology was borrowed from the American engineer R. Fessanden, in 1906 immediately implemented a bilateral connection between continents (at night) (www.ceeee.ca/millennium/radio/differences.htm).
In the middle of the day (12.30) and now in Canada, even modern receivers with the amplification will not configure the gears of powerful broadcasting centers of England. And vice versa. In Moscow, on the middle wave, you will also not hear less remote stations of near and far abroad.
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11:13 17.08.2010 | 2
Merkulov.
A.S. Popova recognized the inventor of radio in the USA
The President of AT & T ("American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Co") Dr. G.Goring on August 30, 1901 in the North American newspaper ("The North American") wrote in appeal to A.S.Popov: " We are no doubt that we recognize your rights to be considered a valid inventor of the first wireless device presented in front of the whole world, and Marconi with its claims is represented by the world as a imitator of the creative movement of the thought of the genius of Professor Popov. " On December 30, 1901, Gering stated A.S. Popov: "We try to put you in a number of people to whom you belong to, and soon the whole country (USA) will work under your name of the opener of a practical modern wireless telegraph."During World War II in 1943, the Wireless World Journal ("Wireless World") in the August issue published the article "Pioneers of the Radio Communication" (Author - Filst D.A.), where wrote: "In the spring of 1890 A.S. . Popov acquainted the sea specialists with the works of Hertz and a few experiments showed the listeners the possibility of transmitting signals using the "Hertz Ray". It happened before the governor, Circuits, Tesla, Riga and Marconi expressed similar suggestions. " "It will be quite correct to assert that Popov without any help (except Hertz) opened and published ways and means of using electromagnetic waves for communication."
By the way - in April 1947, the Australian "Journal of Science" ("Journal of Science") printed an article on the Inventor of the Radio Communication. It was noted: "We investigated the circumstances at our disposal, allowing to come to the right judgment on the priority of Popov before Marconi. These facts inevitably lead to the conclusion that Marconi was not the inventor of radio communication."
In the American (USA) version of the British magazine "Radio" ("Radio World"), published on the funds of Marconi Co., in June 1947 placed a generalization: "There are no documents confirming that Marconi showed telegraph without wires earlier, than Popov. "
During the aggravation of the Cold War of the United States against the USSR, military historians US Navy asked the topic: "Who invented the radio?" To study the question, the issued documents and information received from anonymous sources were attracted. In the official report released in 1963 and declassified recently (FECHA.org/popov.htm), the Americans replied - "Radio invented Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov." A.S. Popov was the son of a priest, so historians found the opening of a wireless communication with the intervention of the "God's Force", and the first connected electrical device created by it in 1895. Called the "act of God" permission to A.S.Popov "to detect and register remote discharges of lightning, to receive by air similar by telegraph departures." Hundreds of sailors and officers of the victim in the Baltic at the end of 1899. The accident "General Admiral Count Arexin" warship did not count on a rapid return home and resigned with the upcoming long captivity in the ice. The icebreaker "Ermak" came out of the fog to the rescue, the Mirage, a man who had rescued them (A.S. Popova -Alt.), They then called the angel. A.S. Popov did not expect a profit from scientific affairs. In the opinion of the historians of the Navy "An impostible applicant for the invention of wireless communication Italian Markoni did not have ideas in wireless telegraph. It was only an enthusiast-entrepreneur of favorable sales of new techniques in the world."
Under the impression of widespread interest in the topic of the invention of the radio, in Hollywood (USA) at the beginning of the film 2007 - "not yet played in the box" ("The Bucket List"), which is not related to the history of radio communications, deliberately inserted an episode with a crossword puzzle. The scene explains that the request for the row of five letters of the crossword - "Radio Inventor" - the answer is "Tesla" (Tesla), "Marconi" (Marconi) is not suitable. The hero of the film (J. Nicholson) was wrong. The correct answer is "Popov" (Popov)! American Electrical Engineer N.Tesla in the USA His famous Patent No. 613809 on "Remote Management of the Motor Boat or Torpeda", i.e. Wireless transmission of informative signals by electromagnetic waves (without presentation of samples of equipment for examination) issued in 1898, for more than three years later than the famous speech by A.S.Popova on May 7, 1895 at a meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society in S.- St. Petersburg (with a display of technical devices in action).
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13:21 10.09.2010 | 0
Merkulov.
�75-anniversary V.Makoni had to be celebrated in 1949.
In 1949, from Italy, the USSR received an invitation to Soviet scientists to come there on the anniversary associated with the invention of the radio. The Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences refused to participate in the celebrations on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of Marconi. And one of the leading staff of the Institute of Philosophy simply told on February 25, 1949 at the Institution Party Meeting, that "the Italian Academy of Sciences invited the inventor of Radio Marconi to commemoration, and everyone knows that the radio invented our scientist Popov!". This outstanding employee was completely right! Because G.Makoni does not fit into inventors, because in physics I understood badly (�Kak Hedgehog in algebra - said a girl on one of the forums). But he was a successful entrepreneur in organizing experiments, production and distribution of radio equipment. And yet - a prominent party figure.G.Makoni's political career began in 1914, having made a senator in Italy. Initially accepted the ideology of fascism. In 1922, he joined the Italian National Fascist Party and became the best friend of its leader and �otza fascism B. Mussolini (1883 - 1945). Subsequently, G.Makoni was put forward to the members of the Big Council (Politburo) of the party. In 1926, he changed the religion (from Protestant to Catholic). In 1930, he became elected President of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Italy, where it was as if secretly interpreted by replenishing her scientists of Jewish origin. G.Makoni supported all political repression by B. Mussolini, in 1935 he was a supporter of the seizure of Ethiopia (in the doorway defended the position of Italy).
G.Makoni died on July 20, 1937. At 03.45 nights from the next attack of Angina with a complication on the heart (he smoked a lot). At 08.30 in the morning B. Mussolini was the first official face of the sorrow on the occasion of his death. G.Makoni's coffin was put in the Uniform of the President of the Academy of Sciences with the signs of the difference of the Nazi members of the Greater Council. By the punishment B. Mussolini buried G.Makoni in a large mausoleium-bunker with fascist symbolism in Sasso (Sasso - 17 km from Bolonia) Italy, where he rests up so far surrounded by the Nazi heroes of World War II (1939 - 1945 ) And associates B.Mussolini.
During the war, the beloved yacht �elletra (Elettra) G.Makoni fought on the side of the fascist coalition forces. Paradoxically, but the yacht �ellet in the Mediterranean Sea broke the English bomber in 1944 to restore the yacht after the war, the Italians were not gathered. By the 103th anniversary of the birth of G.Makoni (1977), the remains of the vessel body were saw into parts for museums and sales.
Of course, the Russian academicians were � with the hands of attending at the celebrations in Italy in April 1949 it would be more correctly to send leads to the leaders of the Lamboni in organizational abilities, also did not have training in physics. For example, Beria L.P. (1899 - 1953) - curator of the �atomic project� in the USSR, Kaganovich L.M. (1893 - 1991) - the organizer of the construction of the metro, Likhacheva I.A. (1896 - 1956) - Initiator of the automotive industry, and MND .. True, unlike G.Makoni, the authoritative Persons of the Soviet era did not declare themselves àorers in and by the scientific and technical directions, which were led.
To what extent to the anniversary of the anniversary of G.Makoni 1949 in the Russian media relevant to the discussion of the issue of priority in the invention of the radio. The answer is no!
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13:29 10.09.2010 | 1
Merkulov.
A.S. Popov did not meet with G.Makoni.
In some Russian media, it is subjected to a tough criticism of the film "Alexander Popov" (1949), especially the scene of the meeting of the inventor Radio A.S. Popova (1859 - 1906) and the Italian entrepreneur G.Makoni (1874 - 1937) on board a warship. It is difficult to explain why the authors of the artwork needed to include this episode. But in general, the k / f turned out to be interesting and informative. Now excerpts from the movie with Tutors in English. "Scroll" on the American "YouTube" (with a large number of views). K / F created the year 90th anniversary A.S. Popova. In Europe and the United States did not make a similar picture to the 75th anniversary of G.Makoni.After decades, the authors of articles and television shows with aplomb and confidence initiate disassembly of dialogues and behavior of the heroes K / F in the specified scene. It should be noted that A.S. Popov in a conversation with G.Makoni rightly says that the device applied to them: "This device ... exactly repeats the fact that I was described in detail in 1895 ... You caught off the alien invention. .! Science is not shirma for trade transactions! "
After failure in the transfer of the useful signal (the letters "S") across the Atlantic Ocean in December 1901 G.Makoni decided to first test the spread of radio waves in the Atlantic (on a steamat "Philadelphia" in February 1902), and then in Europe. In June 1902, he was allowed to install receiving-transmitting equipment on the cruiser "Carlo Alberto", which committed a cruise around Europe on the occasion of the coronation of the King Italy. Take signals G.Makoni planned from the modernized transmitting center of Poldy (England). Due to the use of a new but unreliable magnetic detector, far reception The signals did not happen when the cruiser was found in the Water area of \u200b\u200bthe Gulf of Finland and in the parking lot near Kronstadt from the 12th to July 21. G.Makoni had no transmission from the cruiser of semantic texts and greetings by Russian warships equipped with on-board equipment for receiving telegraph signals.
In two autobiographies ("The Story of My Life" and "Wireless Telegraphy, 1895 - 1919"), G.Makoni reports that Nikolai II (1868 - 1918) with a retinue with a retinue of G.Makoni managed to demonstrate the transfer of dispatch only from one The end of the cruiser to another. The emperor talked from G.Makoni in English. The daughter of one of the admirals suite asked - why G.Makoni in civilian clothes, while everything around is in the military and what he does here. G.Makoni does not report visiting A.S.Popov warship. Do not write about this and trustworthy foreign biographers of Marconi. The fact that the meeting of the Inventor of the Radio and Italian-businessman is invented by L. Solary write domestic authors of the article: "A.S. Popov from G.Makoni did not meet and gifts did not give him" (see WEB-E).
Potentially, A.S. Popov and G.Makoni had the opportunity to communicate in Berlin at the first worldwide telegraph without wire conference held in 1903, on which they were both attended, sitting in one meeting room. However, there they were also personally met and did not speak. At this meeting of advanced scientists and engineers, the Statis Secretary (Minister) of the Post Office of the Kaiser Germans R. Kretov said: "In 1895, Popov invented the reception of telegraph signals using the hertz waves. It should be thanked for the first radiographic apparatus!"
The ability to transfer information to distances wireless method Today, hardly someone can surprise. But just 200 years ago, such technologies were incredible advances in progress. The creation of radio communications and the concomitant discovery of the study became a kind of foundation for the rapid development of technology of modernity.
The topic of the creation of radio communications is quite contradictory, because still, despite the relatively recent terms of the appearance, there is no unambiguous response, who was a source. Spores are conducted not only in scientific circles, but also between whole countries: each of the parties leads their arguments proving the right point of opinion. So in Russia appeal to the public, referring to the year of the presentation by A.S. Agov's radio, and in Italy - to the official document issued by Marconi from July 2, 1897. To anyone to award the palm of the championship, we do not solve, but to bring the main historically the facts of the opening of the radio communications - we are bye.
The first theory of magnetism and its interconnection with electricity was represented by Andrei Marie Ampera in 1820.
Having carried away the studies of the amper, Michael Faradays in 1831 opened the induction, introduced the term of electric and magnetic fields, and also suggested the possible existence of electromagnetic waves.
After 36 years, the physicist Maxwell (England), based on its exclusively theoretical work, made a conclusion about the presence of electromagnetic waves, whose speed is equal to the light. Although in scientific circles, this hypothicism was skeptical, nevertheless, she was interested in many physicists and began the search for practical confirmation of the words of Maxwell.
In 1888, Henry Hertz managed to establish that during the discharge of the capacitor through the spark, the electromagnetic waves actually activate the macwel about. In 1890, E. Branly found that in the field of action of the waves, hertz, metal particles change electrical conductivity, and after shaking - return to the initial state.
Oliver Lodge went further and supplemented a device for detecting electromagnetic waves created by Branley (called coech), and supplemented it with an "shake" to obtain visible electromagnetic waves. And he succeeded: with the help of this unit created waves of about half a meter long. This topic began to attract more and more attention.
On May 7, 1895, Alexander Popov (physics teacher) made a report "On the relation of metal particles to electrical oscillations". Completing the speech, Popov said that the device created by them requires improvement, but it will help to transmit signals to long-distance wireless methods.
At the heart of Popov's radio, they lay the opening of its predecessors (Geretse vibrator, Rumkorf Coil), which were modified. The device was also equipped with the first antenna in the world. In 1898, Popov adjusted radio communication at a distance of 11 km.
At the same time, another experimentator Gulielmo Marconi also worked on his radio. For a long time Marconi worked on the invention independently, and since 1896 he worked on the device together with qualified physicists in the UK. It took one year to submit an application to the Patent Office in 1897. Due to the fact that a lot of people worked on the Marconi Device, the glory of the invention was scattered by lightning. Marconi also tried to get a patent for his invention and in other countries (Russia, France, Germany), but there it was waiting for the refusal - the patent bureau denied, referring to the schemes of the invention, which were provided to Popov. So it turned out "confusion" when different countries Father radio engineering called different people.
