One of the main characteristics of the information society is. Characteristics of the Information Society

Solution of problems

31. Characteristics information society.

1. the problem of the information crisis has been solved, i.e. resolved the contradiction between information avalanche and information hunger;

2. the priority of information in comparison with other resources is ensured; main form development will become an information economy;
3. the society will be based on automated generation, storage, processing and use of knowledge using the latest information technology and technology;

4. information technology will acquire a global character, covering all spheres of human social activity;

5. the informational unity of the entire human civilization is formed;

6. with the help of informatics, every person has free access to information resources of the entire civilization;

7. Implemented the humanistic principles of social management and environmental impact.

Some of the characteristics of the information society:

1. The volume of information will increase and a person will attract special technical means for its processing and storage.

In the information society, people and teams, before taking any action or making a decision, it is necessary to carry out work on the collection and processing of information, its comprehension and analysis. The volume of information has grown so much that a person is not able to process it himself. He uses special technical means for this.

2. The use of computers is inevitable.

In the information society, the use of computers is inevitable. This provides access to reliable sources of information, eliminates routine work, accelerates the adoption of optimal decisions, and automates information processing.

3. The driving force of society will be the production of an information product.

In the second half of the 20th century, there was a transition of people from the sphere of direct material production to information sphere... A new social stratum has appeared, which is called "white collars" - people who do not directly produce material values, but are engaged in information processing (teachers, bank employees, programmers, etc.). The material product will become more "information-intensive". Its value will depend on innovation, on the design solution, on the quality of marketing.

4. The share of mental labor will increase, because knowledge and intelligence will become the product of production in the information society.

The number of people who have chosen professions related to intellectual work will increase.

5. There will be a reassessment of values, way of life, and cultural leisure will change.

The time "spent" on the Internet is growing, where you can travel to educational sites, virtual museums, read literature, etc. Are very popular social networks, "Chats" and the ICQ service, which allow you to communicate with people at a distance and in real time.

6. Computer technology, computer networks, information technologies are developing rapidly.

The Internet is growing by 10-15% per month and the number of its users
approaching 200 million people (it is possible that this is outdated data, since the quantitative characteristics of the Internet become obsolete faster than the books in which this data are printed). Information technologies are universalized, which is facilitated by the use of modern multimedia systems that combine the functions of many devices - a computer, TV, radio, telephone, etc.

7. People have all kinds of electronic devices and computerized devices at home. The production of energy and material products is dealt with by machines, while humans are mainly concerned with information processing. The information services market appears and develops. Information becomes a commodity and a special type of service that can be bought or sold like an ordinary commodity.

Informatization of society Is a process by which conditions are created that satisfy the needs of any person in obtaining the necessary information (according to the law Russian Federation "On information, informatization and information protection" dated January 25, 1995).

Characteristics of the information society:

The problem of the information crisis, including the information crisis of science, has been resolved, that is, the contradiction between the “information avalanche” and “information hunger” has been resolved;

Priority of information over other resources is ensured;

The main form of development is the information economy;

The society is based on automated generation, storage, processing and use of knowledge using the latest information technology and technologies;

The introduction of new services and forms of activity in global networks, as well as the transfer of traditional professions to the virtual space (mail, purchase and sale, provision of services, financial transactions, recreation and entertainment);

Create multimedia tools that work both locally and globally

Information technologies have acquired a global character, covering all spheres of human social activity;

The informational unity of the entire human civilization is ensured.

The main constituent part of the information society is the Internet. This computer network breaks down boundaries, which ensures the uninterrupted distribution of information on a huge scale, giving rise to crime, the activity of which leads to trillions of losses. The Internet is gradually replacing newspapers and magazines, and this process is rapidly coming to an end. Television and radio are next in line. The Internet, of course, will not be able to completely replace all means of accumulating and transmitting information, but in the next ten years it will take a leading place. The main reason for such influence of the Internet is not only the speed and volume of disseminated information, but also the independence of the network from outside interference, its complete democracy. In this sense the virtual reality represents humanity's ideal view of a society that is significantly different from the real world.

^ Along with the positive aspects of the development of the information society, it is characterized by some negative trends:

The growing influence of the media on society;

Increasing opportunities to penetrate the privacy of citizens or organizations through the use of information technologies;

The growing problem of selecting high-quality and reliable information;

Increasing the gap between developers and consumers of information technology to a strategically dangerous size;

Strengthening the problem of adaptation of some people to the environment of the information society.

There may be a threat of stratification of society into the "information elite" - people involved in the development of information technologies and "ordinary consumers" - people with a low information culture.

Intensive development of information technology leads to the emergence of new threats to national security

Informational neocolonialism - with the help of information channels, the peoples of developing and post-socialist countries are imposed not only goods and services, but also the values \u200b\u200bof Western society.

The main features of the information society.

Stages of development of the information society.

There are four stages in the development of mankind, called information revolutions, which have made changes in its development.

1. The first stage is associated with the invention of writing. This led to a giant qualitative and quantitative leap in the development of society. It became possible to accumulate knowledge and pass it on to subsequent generations, i.e. means and methods of accumulating information appeared. In some sources, it is believed that the content of the first information revolution is the spread and introduction of language into the activity and consciousness of a person. Civilizations that mastered writing developed faster than others. reached a higher cultural and economic level. Examples are Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, China. Later, the transition to the alphabetical method of writing made writing more accessible and contributed to the shift of the centers of civilization to Europe (Greece, Rome).

2. Second phase (in the middle of the XVI century.) - the invention of printing. It became possible not only to save information, but also to make it massively available. All this accelerated the development of science and technology, helped the industrial revolution, Books crossed the borders of countries, which contributed to the beginning of the consciousness of a common human civilization. It gave into the hands of mankind new way storage of information, and also made cultural values \u200b\u200bmore accessible.

3. Stage three(at the end of the 19th century) - the invention of electricity. The telegraph, telephone and radio appeared, making it possible to quickly transmit and accumulate information in any volume. Means of information communication appeared. This stage coincided with the period of rapid development of natural science.

4. Stage four(in the 70s of the XX century.) - invention of microprocessor technology and personal computers. Shortly thereafter, computer telecommunications emerged, radically changing the storage and retrieval of information. The impetus for this revolution was the creation of a computer in the mid-40s. This last revolution gave impetus to human civilization for the transition from an industrial to an information society - a society in which most of the workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing and implementation of information, especially its highest form - knowledge. The beginning of this was the introduction of modern means of processing and transmitting information into various spheres of human activity - this process is called informatization.

The main features of the information society.

Information society - a society in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing and sale of information, especially its highest form - knowledge.

Some of the characteristics of the information society:

1. The volume of information will increase and a person will attract special technical means for its processing and storage.

2. The use of computers is inevitable.

3. The driving force of society will be the production of an information product.

4. The share of mental labor will increase, because knowledge and intelligence will become the product of production in the information society.

5. There will be a reassessment of values, way of life and cultural leisure will change.

6. Computer technology, computer networks, information technologies are developing.

In an information society, not only production changes, but also the entire way of life, the system of values, the importance of moral and ethical values \u200b\u200band culture of leisure is increasing. One of the important information media is the culture of society. The concept of "culture" implies: musical, poetic, visual creativity, mutual respectful, dignified attitude of a person to a person and his work. Information culture is associated with the social nature of a person. It is the product of a variety of human creative abilities and manifests itself in the following aspects:

Mandatory documentation, registration and licensing of the information generated;

Use, processing and dissemination of information with the permission of the owner (private person, institution or state);

Protection of information from unauthorized access and copying;

The prohibition on the collection, storage, use and dissemination of information that is confidential (about private life; constituting a personal secret or the secret of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraphic and other types of messages);

Compliance with legal norms of ownership, storage and use of information, information technology, software products;

The ability to use information technology in its activities, the basic component of which is numerous software products;

The ability to extract information from various sources: both from periodicals and from electronic communications, to present it in an understandable form and be able to use it effectively;

Possession of the basics of analytical processing of information;

Ability to work with various information;

Knowledge of the features of information flows in their field of activity.

Criteria of human information culture:

1) the ability to adequately formulate their need for information;

2) search efficiently necessary information in the aggregate information resources, adequately select and evaluate information;

3) process information and create a qualitatively new one;

4) the presence of communication skills that allow you to communicate effectively both with the use of modern information technologies and without them.

Compared to an industrial society, where everything is aimed at the production and consumption of goods, in an information society, intelligence and knowledge are a means and a product of production, which in turn leads to an increase in the share of mental labor. A person needs the ability to be creative, and the demand for knowledge increases.

Various kinds of systems based on computer technology and computer networks, information technology, telecommunications are becoming the material and technical basis of the information society. Information and communication technologies, in fact, expand the boundaries of such fundamental concepts as knowledge and language. The concept of the most important function of language - the acquisition and transmission of knowledge with its help - has developed historically: language is a specific system of communication or communication. In addition to the language for the search and acquisition of knowledge, their storage and transmission, a person looked for and found additional means that had a significant, sometimes revolutionary, impact on the life of society. Writing, printing press, telephone, television, and finally the network Internet Are the most impressive milestones in the evolution of knowledge transfer.

The history of audio-visual learning is inextricably linked to the history of the media. Let's highlight the key aspects (see Figure 1) in order to indicate the trend that is inherent in the development of on-screen audio teaching aids,.

1. Replacement of expensive parchment with much cheaper paper in the XII century. allowed to increase the number of literate people, to simplify the process of accumulating information.

2. In the forties of the XV century. German inventor Johann Guttenberg invented the printing press (the first Russian printed book appeared in 1564 in the printing house of I. Fedorov and P. Mstislavets), which made it possible to expand the transmission possibilities many times over educational information due to a sharp decline in the cost of books and a significant increase in their circulation. Ya. A. Komensky, in his work “Schola Pansiphica”, urged teachers to introduce newspaper material in the study of language and geography. In the XVII century. there are two directions of application of a technical invention: for the production of an educational book and the introduction of messages from periodicals as additional source educational information.

3. On November 28, 1814, a number of the Times newspaper was printed on a mechanized printing press, which made the newspapers really cheap and, therefore, generally accessible. In newspapers and magazines, information was conveyed mainly by the printed word, since the insertion of pictures into the text was a difficult and time-consuming process. Visual information was of a subordinate nature and was nothing more than a textual illustration. The exception is fashion magazines, issued in limited editions and designed for a narrow circle of readers.

4. In the posters that appeared in the 19th century. and performed the functions of both a herald (communicating important information to the population) and advertising (theater and then cinematographic posters, various announcements), the ratio between text and visual information changes in favor of the latter.

5. The introduction of photography in the print media in the 19th century. increased the share of visual information, but, as before, visual information only illustrated the text, that is, duplicated the printed text.

6. Silent cinema (Lumiere brothers, 1895) conveyed information exclusively through images. Compared to newspapers, text and visual information have reversed roles: titles in silent films are subordinate to the visual series. According to A. V. Sharikov, "films of the twenties sometimes had a rather sophisticated cinematic language, which was not always easy for an inexperienced audience to understand."

7. Color cinema (early 20s, USA) has expanded the possibilities of transmitting information using non-verbal forms of communication.

8. With the advent of sound in cinema (30s of the last century), filmmakers already perfectly conveyed meaning with the help of images.

9. Radio programs complement the shift from the printed word to the sounding word.

10. The ability to watch television, read, listen, and communicate in live is rapidly winning over audiences from the press and radio.

11. The computer in a relatively short historical period repeats the path traveled by the mass media. First, the transfer of data of a discrete type (text and numbers - analogous to a book or newspaper). Then static images (picture book or newspaper) are included in the text. A dynamic image (the "great mute"), sound (radio) and color (full-fledged cinema) appeared almost simultaneously. Appearance afterwards computer network made it possible to combine text, numbers, static and dynamic images, color, and sound with the possibility of interactive dialogue (television).

12. The beginning of the sale by the Korean company Hyundai on April 15, 2008 of the first stereoscopic 3D TV with a diagonal of 46 inches with a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels and a cost of $ 4857 marked the beginning of three-dimensional television.

The first 3D TV has two HDMI ports and three composite inputs, thanks to which you can watch traditional programs in 2D. The kit with the novelty also includes 3D glasses, without which, in fact, it is impossible to see a three-dimensional picture. To enjoy 3D broadcasts, the antenna must pick up the signal of the Japanese TV channel BS11 3D, which is owned by Nippon BS, since only this channel broadcasts programs that support a three-dimensional image. Another problem is the lack of enough 3D films.

13. On March 9, 2010, the Belgian weekly La Derniere Heure was released for the first time in 3D - all his photographs were presented in three dimensions, and special glasses were included with the issue free of charge.

The following conclusions follow from the history of the development of the mass media and teaching aids as a separate type of them:

1 As technology develops, there is a gradual decrease in the share of verbal information due to an increase in non-verbal information. The printed word is replaced by an image and a spoken word.

2 2. There is a gradual transition from sign to symbol. I. L. Drizhun,, distinguishes three types of models according to the ratio of word and image in information message:

a) a) the leading component is the word, and the image serves as an illustration;

b) b) word and image are equal;

c) c) the message is based on an image that acts as a source of information, and the word loses its independence and follows the image.

3 3. When forming spatial images in three stages:

a) a) the formation of a visual image;

b) b) the formation of a memory image;

c) c) the formation of images of imagination

secondary details do not appear on the screen at all, that is, the "secondary background" disappears. The transition from static to dynamic image converts "two-dimensional" information into "three-dimensional". The formation of imagery images is characterized, according to I.S. ).

Figure 1. The relationship of discoveries and inventions with the development of mass media and audio-visual teaching aids [based on 1, p. 14]

For teaching aids, information is provided specifically. Both in the form of presentation and in content, there is a significant difference from the rest of the media.

4 4. When moving from simple means to more complex ones, there is a tendency towards an interactive multimedia dialogue, that is, an increase in the speed and density of information processes.

5 5. In the information society, the phenomenon of knowledge rejection from a specialist is noted,.

6 6. When creating teaching aids, objective connections inherent in the teaching process come out on top.

Modern society is unique in that it is characterized by the extremely rapid development of information and communication technologies, and their capabilities are becoming unprecedented for human development, for the effective solution of many professional, economic, social and domestic problems. Only those members of society who have the necessary knowledge to navigate the new information space will be able to competently and skillfully dispose of these opportunities. Preserving their identity, they will take advantage of globalization, when people living in different cities and countries, on different continents, thanks to the ease and efficiency of communication, can work on one holistic project, conduct joint research and quickly exchange results. It is about changing the content of education, about mastering information culture - one of the components of the general culture, understood as the highest manifestation of education, including the personal qualities of a person and his professional competence. I would like to note that there are more than two and a half thousand interpretations of the concept of “culture” according to the studies of E. A. Bondarenko, but with all the differences, its most significant attributes are recognized as “a deep, conscious and respectful attitude to the heritage of the past, the ability to creatively perceive and transform reality in that or any other sphere of life ",.

Modern information and communication technologies, created by no means for the needs of the education system, are leading to a true revolution in education. We are active participants in the process of integrating the education system into the networked world, where the media, advertising, the banking system, trade and the like have already firmly taken their place. This is a natural path to which there is no alternative. At the same time, educational institutions encounter certain contradictions in their work, which are practically insoluble within the framework of their modern structure. As examples of such difficulties I.G. Zakharova gives the following:

The growth of information that in one way or another determines the content of education is incompatible with limited training time;

Educational institutions are assigned the role of one of the main repositories of traditions and scientific heritage, and this contradicts the fact that educational institutions should be at the forefront of science and use its latest achievements in teaching. However, despite the fact that traditional forms of education are already exhausting themselves, the opportunities for modern technologies, including information;

Also contradictory is the provision that educational institutions are called upon to conduct extensive training of specialists, observing the general requirements of the relevant state standards, but at the same time ensuring the educational process taking into account the individual characteristics and capabilities of students;

Vocational educational institutions provide education to people who have already made their choice, and therefore it is assumed that they have a conscious attitude towards acquiring knowledge. However, in practice, this turns out to be far from the case, and a variable approach to the organization of the educational process is required.

It is expected that it is the widespread use of information and communication technologies that will help overcome these contradictions. Here, various solutions are possible - from the actual embedding of an educational institution into the network in the form in which it exists, to a complete reorganization of the structure of this institution, just as it happens when introducing new information and communication technologies in other areas of human activity.

In both cases, these changes should enrich the activities of educational institutions, improving the quality of education and expanding its availability. A modern educational institution is required to introduce new approaches to teaching that ensure the development of communicative, creative and professional skills of students on the basis of the potential multivariance of the content and organization of the educational process. Such approaches should not replace, but significantly expand the capabilities of existing traditional learning technologies.

The picture of the information society created at the end of the twentieth century by theorists is gradually acquiring visible outlines. The transformation of the entire world space into a single information community of people living in apartments and cottages equipped with all kinds of electronic devices and computerized devices is predicted. Human activities focus on manipulating information, and the production of energy and material products will be assigned to machines and mechanisms.

Today, the world has accumulated a huge information potential, which people cannot use to the full due to their limited capabilities. This situation, dubbed information crisis, put society before the need to find a way out of this situation.

The information crisis manifests itself:

In the contradiction between a person's abilities to perceive and process information and its growing volume;

In the emergence of socio-economic, political barriers that impede the free flow of information.

So, informational society is a society in which the majority of workers are associated with information, organization and use of information processes.


Similar information.


Information society - a new historical phase in the development of civilization, in which information and knowledge are the main products of production. The concept of the information society is a variation of the theory of post-industrial society. Thus, the information society is, first of all, a sociological and futurological concept, which considers the production and use of scientific, technical and other information as the main factor of social development. Considering social development as a “change of stages”, supporters of the information society theory associate its formation with the dominance of the “fourth”, information sector of the economy, following agriculture, industry and the service economy. At the same time, it is argued that capital and labor as the basis of an industrial society are giving way to information and knowledge in the information society.

The hallmarks of the information society are:

  • increasing the role of information and knowledge in the life of society;
  • an increase in the share of information communications, products and services in the gross domestic product;
  • creation of a global information space that ensures effective information interaction of people, their access to world information resources and the satisfaction of their needs for information products and services.

Criteria for the transition of society to the post-industrial and informational stages of development:

  1. socio-economic (criteria for employment of the population);
  2. technical;
  3. space.

Socio-economic criterion estimates the percentage of the population employed in the service sector:

  • if more than 50% of the population in the society is employed in the service sector, the post-industrial phase of its development has begun;
  • if in a society more than 50% of the population is employed in the field of information and intellectual services, society becomes informational.

According to this criterion, the United States entered the post-industrial period of its development in 1956-1960. (the state of California - "silicon or silicon valley" - overcame this milestone in 1910), and became the information society of the United States in 1974. According to this criterion, Russia, like the world community as a whole, is at the industrial stage of development.

Technical criterion evaluates information weapons. The early phase of informatization of society begins when the specific information armament is reached, which corresponds to the deployment of a sufficiently reliable long-distance telephone network. The final phase corresponds to the achievement of problem-free satisfaction of any information needs of each person at any time of the day and at any point in space.

According to this criterion, Russia is in the initial phase of informatization and, according to forecasts, will reach the final phase in the 30s - 40s. XXI century, while the United States is already making a transition to the final phase of informatization.

Cosmic criterion allows us to note the possibilities of real observation of humanity from space, since informatization has led to the fact that the levels of radio emission from the Sun and the Earth in certain parts of the radio range have approached.

Additional criteria for the transition of society to the informational stage of its development: a society is considered informational if

  • any individual, group of persons or organization anywhere in the country and at any time can receive for a fee or free of charge on the basis of automated access any information and knowledge necessary for their life;
  • modern information technology is produced in society and is available to any individual, group or organization;
  • there are developed infrastructures that ensure the creation of national information resources in an amount corresponding to the constantly accelerating scientific, technological and socio-historical progress;
  • there is a process of accelerated automation and robotization of all spheres and branches of production and management;
  • there are radical changes in social structures, resulting in the expansion of the scope of information activities and services.

The information society differs from a society dominated by traditional industry and services in that information, knowledge, information services, and all industries associated with their production (telecommunications, computer, television) are growing at a faster pace and are a source of new jobs. That is, the information industry dominates economic development. There is no single definition of the information industry. However, developed countries have accumulated some experience in the statistical measurement of the information industry. For example, Canada has proposed a new classification under the heading Information Technology and Telecommunications (ITT), which combines telecommunications, mass broadcasting and computer services.

Regardless of the statistics indicators, it is clear that the dynamism of technological modernization modern society poses two main questions for society: will people be able to adapt to changes and will new technologies generate new differentiation of society? The most significant threat of the transition period to the information society is the division of people into those who have information, who know how to handle information technologies and who do not have such skills.... If new information technologies remain at the disposal of a small social group, the stratification of society is inevitable.

But, despite the dangers, information technology:

  • expand the rights of citizens by providing instant access to a variety of information;
  • increase the ability of people to participate in political decision-making and follow the actions of governments;
  • provide the opportunity to actively produce information, and not just consume it;
  • provide a means of protecting the privacy and anonymity of personal messages and communications.

The development of information technology affects all aspects of society: the economy; politics, science, culture, education. However, the most important impact occurs on civil society and government systems. The potential for citizens to directly influence governments raises the question of transforming existing democratic structures. With the help of new communication technologies, it becomes possible to implement “reference democracy”.

On the other hand, the penetration of information technology into the privacy of people can threaten the privacy of citizens. The price for convenience, speed of transmission and receipt of information, various information services - a person must constantly report personal data about himself to information Systems - loss of anonymity.

Intensive introduction of information technologies into state bodies makes it possible to:

  • bring them closer to citizens, improve and expand services, the population;
  • improve internal efficiency and reduce public sector costs;
  • stimulate the creation of new information equipment, products and services by the private sector through adequate public policy.

The following principles should be applied regarding access to public information:

  • information should be open to everyone;
  • basic information should be free. A reasonable price should be charged if additional processing is required, bearing in mind the cost of preparing and transmitting information, plus a small margin;
  • continuity: Information must be provided continuously and must be of the same quality.

As a rule, the reason for failures in the implementation of projects for the introduction of information technology, both at the level of enterprises and the state, is the inability to combine technological innovations with organizational ones.

Specially protected natural territories (SPNA)

Official website of the authorities of the Altai Territory

www.altairegion22.ru

The creation of a network of specially protected natural areas is necessary in order to preserve especially valuable natural complexes and objects in their natural state.

Maintaining the foci of the natural environment in their natural state, the reserve and sanctuaries provide landscape and biological diversity, prevent the strengthening of negative processes leading to the degradation of the biosphere, are fundamental elements in the system of ensuring the ecological balance and sustainable development of the region.

The importance of specially protected natural areas is assessed not only from the point of view of preserving valuable and important components of the ecosystem (biological diversity), but also from the standpoint of improving the living conditions and recreation of the population, preserving the health of the present and the gene pool of future generations. Various types of protected areas are the ecological reserve of the region. Their development can play the role of a factor restraining the process of environmental degradation.

Protected areas in Russia include:

1. protected areas (centers for the conservation of biological and landscape diversity of the planet's biosphere);

2. state nature reserves (standards of undisturbed natural areas);

3. natural parks (have ecological and aesthetic value, nature protection and recreational institutions);

4. state nature reserves (preservation and restoration of natural complexes to maintain the ecological balance);

5. natural monuments (unique, irreplaceable, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin);

6. dendrological parks and botanical gardens (nature conservation institutions, collections, biodiversity conservation);

7. medical and recreational areas and resorts (areas intended for disease prevention, treatment, recreation of the population).

Information society - a stage in the development of modern civilization, characterized by increasing the role of information and knowledge in the life of society, increasing share of infocommunications, information products and services ingross domestic product (GDP), the creation of a global information space that provides effective communicationpeople, their access to world information resources and satisfaction of their social and personal needs in information products and services.

INFORMATION SOCIETY is one of the theoretical models used to describe a qualitatively new stage of social development, which developed countries entered with the beginning of the information and computer revolution. The technological foundation of society is not industrial, but information and telecommunication technologies (ITT). The information society is a society in which: Information becomes the main economic resource, and the information sector comes out on top in terms of development rates, the number of people employed, the share of capital investments, and the share in GDP. ITT are becoming the main means of increasing production efficiency, strengthening competitiveness both in the domestic and global markets. There is a well-developed infrastructure that ensures the creation of sufficient information resources. This is first of all education system and science... There is a redistribution of resources in favor of science and education. In the United States, the so-called accumulated human capital is three times the assets of all American corporations. Intellectual property becomes the main form of ownership... In the competition for world championship, a new factor appears - the level of development of the information infrastructure and industry. Information is becoming a commodity... The information society provides any individual access to any source of information... This is guaranteed by law (military and state secrets are also determined by law) and technical capabilities. There are new criteria for assessing the level of development of society - the number of computers, the number of Internet connections, the number of mobile and fixed telephones, etc. Produced legal basis information society. A single integrated information system is being formed based on technological convergence (merger of telecommunications, computer-electronic, audiovisual technology). Unified national information systems are being created (in the USA - in the 80s, in Western Europe - in the 90s). The information society is being formed as a global one. It includes: the world "information economy"; single world information space; global information infrastructure; the emerging world legislative and legal system. In the information society, business activity flows into the information and communication environment. A virtual economy, a virtual financial system, etc. are being formed, which raises the most complex questions about the mechanisms of their regulation and connection with the real, "physical" economy.



2. Life safety culture as a factor in overcoming global threats and challenges of our time.

According to experts, in the first half of this century, evolutionary crisis of all mankind as a biological species.

The modern lifestyle of the world's population is characterized by a dominant the imperative of consumerism, instant obsolescence of thingssignificant the frequency of changing mods for consumer goods... Together with the growth of the world's population this is the main reason for the unacceptable, transcendental level consumption of mineralsand other resources, emission of substancespolluting the environment, multiple exceeding the maximum permissible anthropogenic load on the biosphere.

Speaking about the main factors that contributed to the emergence of global problems, the following should be noted.

1.The XX century has become a century of dramatic changes in the world, has become a century of realization of numerous scientific discoveriesdevelopment is fundamentally new technologieswhich provided an unprecedented world economic growth... Today, in one working day, the world produces as many goods and services as were produced in the whole of 1900.

2. In the XX century, there were also huge demographic shifts... If to 1900 the world population reached 1.6 billion people, then by the end of the 20th century there were already 6 billion people, i.e. population has increased 4 times.

3. The growth of the world's population, despite all the efforts of the world community, is accompanied by an increase in poverty. Currently 20% of the world's population lives below the poverty line.

4. Significantly aggravated and ecological problem... Its essence consists in a clearly revealed and deepening contradiction between productive activities of mankind and stability of the natural environment.

The concentration of carbon dioxide is rapidly increasing in the atmosphere: over the past 200 years, it has grown from 280 to 370 ppm (parts per million), and more than half of the increase occurs after 1950.

5. The intensification of human activity also leads to the disruption of the ecosystems of the biosphere. Of the 150 million km2 land area under direct control people (agro-industrial complexes, cities, landfills, roads, mining, etc.) is 28%... This leads to a reduction in forest area, desertification (average speed - 2600 ha / h), dehydration of rivers and seas.

Now in the world there are practically no reserves for agricultural development, only forests and extreme areas.

6. In the last two decades, freshwater resource problem... Even in countries rich in water sources, signs of water scarcity began to appear.

To a large extent industrial water consumption increased... This is due not only to the rapid development of industry, but also to an increase in the water intensity of production.

7. A product of modern civilization is and the problem of megacities... Today, about half of the world's population (47%) lives in cities, while in 1972 the share of the urban population was just under a third.

60% of such cities are in Asia, in Africa - 25%, Latin America - 15%.

8. A serious threat is posed by natural and man-made disasters, the frequency, scale and destructiveness of which have significantly increased in recent years. These phenomena not only cause great damage to industry, agriculture and the environment, but are often accompanied by the destruction of human settlements and human losses.

So what awaits humanity in the new era? Will it be able to cope with the rapidly emerging global threats that undermine the conditions for its life and development?

A major breakthrough in the methods of studying global problems of the new era was made in the second half of the 20th century by the American professor D. Forrester. Being the largest specialist in the field large systems and theory computer control industrial enterprises, he first applied mathematical methods to the study of social and economic processes... The object of his research was the process of the development of a large city as a system, and then - the development of the entire world system of human civilization, which he called "world dynamics".

To understand the essence of the results of Forrester's work, let us first get acquainted with the maximum simplified thought experimentproposed by the Soviet academician A.I. Veinik. This experiment clearly illustrates the emergence of a global threat due "Natural" (spontaneous, uncontrollable) development of civilization on the planet from limited resources , in the absence of complete waste recovery.

Let there be a certain nutrient medium in a limited volume, for example, in a ball. And let a pair of living organisms - "bacteria" fall into this ball. What happens next?

Obviously, once in favorable conditions, our "bacteria" will naturally multiply. The growth in the number of bacteria, at first very slow, accelerates more and more over time, and finally takes on the character of an explosion. Gradually, microbes devour the nutrient medium and begin to suffocate in their own waste.. From this moment, the growth of the "population" slows down, and then stops altogether. The reason for this will be completely incomprehensible to unreasonable bacteria., busy at this time with "personal affairs", and, perhaps, even "fair distribution" of the ever decreasing reserves of the nutrient medium among themselves. In the end, the entire microbial "civilization" passes into another world.

The picture, in its main features similar to the previous thought experiment, was obtained when Forrester studied the dynamics of the world system. He took to study the most general laws of the functioning of the world system five main changing components (with the natural limitation of the geographic space of the planet):

Population of the Earth,

Capital investments (funds that characterize the level of economic development that transforms nature),

· Natural resources,

Food production,

· Pollution (human waste that is not regenerated by nature).

These components and their interactions, he mostly accepted the dynamics of changes in the world system is determined. By linking change in time of the main components into equations, Forrester determined the coefficients of these equations based on available statistics on changes in the components under consideration in the previous time period... Studying the behavior of the system, he found that a growing population causes an increase in industrialization, an increase in the need for food, and the spread of the population over an ever larger territory.

In turn, the growth in food production, industrial goods and occupied territory contribute to an increase in the population. Population growth with accompanying industrialization and environmental pollution is a consequence of the processes in which each component contributes to the growth of others and ensures its development at their expense. Population growth in Forrester's calculations at first, as in modern reality, happens exponentially (to the law of geometric progression).

However, over time growth meets nature's limits... The planet's territory has been developed, soil and natural resources are being depleted, and the ability of the Earth's biosphere to decompose pollution is not unlimited. The exponential growth of population, funds, food consumption, living standards and pollution, obtained by calculation and known to us from history, cannot continue indefinitely. The number of the population, having reached the maximum value, will then begin to decrease significantly, which means not a crisis (from which different ways out are possible), but a catastrophe (a process leading to death). It will come, according to Forrester's calculations, in the period 2025-2050.

Assessing the stunning results obtained by Forrester, it should immediately be noted that he used the same hypothesisthat was in the previous thought experiment. In the calculations, the system is limited in resources, which, of course, is not entirely true for the world system: the system receives energy from the Cosmos (obviously from the Sun), and wastes (pollution) are regenerated in the system to some extent. However, modern civilization uses, in many respects, non-renewable resources, polluting the environment with non-regenerated waste.

Global equilibrium is in principle - according to Forrester - possible. However, it will require strict self-restraint and determination of the entire world community in the long run.

Nowadays, it becomes more and more obvious that activities to prevent the coming planetary crisiscannot be limited only by regulatory legal, organizational, technical and educational activities. It is also important that ensuring the safety of the environment was a priority goal and an internal needperson, society, civilization. This can be achieved by developing a new worldview, a system of ideals and values, norms and traditions of safe behavior.

Even within the framework of Karl Marx's theory, it was determined that the main essential human function, as an intelligent, active and social being, is work... At the same time, labor is understood as a purposeful activity to transform the external material environment into a means for a comfortable life. The state of a person at the time the change in this environment begins is, as a rule, homeostasisbalanced (with the exception of short periods of development of natural disasters and similar phenomena). Changing the external material environment, a person deterministically passes into a less equilibriumand, consequently, less secure for him a state. To compensate this “loss” of security, a person needs to further change the environment in the interests of not only greater comfort, but also his own protection. Moreover, the gain environmental impacts lead to increased strength and magnitude of responses the external world per person in the process of his labor. And the more such changes are made, the greater the risk for his life becomes. The way out of this vicious circle can only be a change in the vector of "expedient activity" with the transformation of the material environment into a means for a "comfortable life" in a means for a "safe life" (in equilibrium with this environment). This radical breakdown of the paradigm of attitudes towards the environment and is possible only through changes in the entire human culture.

Although security issues are of particular importance, and in particular social, psychological and pedagogical aspects, acquired only in the last 30-40 years, it has deep roots. So, basically religious consciousnessformed by the largest religious beliefs (totemism and animism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity) lies the postulate non-violent interaction of man, society and natureas an ethical foundation for ensuring safety in all spheres of life. But at the same time, it should be noted that despite such a positive, environmentally friendly attitude of religions to the world around them, their deep and large-scale impact on the worldview of people, the environmental consciousness of mankind in different historical periods underwent oscillatory changes from a clearly expressed utilitarian orientation (primitive world, middle ages and modern times) before a departure from the consumer attitude to nature, the desire to recreate a consistent picture of the world and the awareness of a person's place in it (antiquity, present).

The historical transformation of people's attitudes towards security issues can also be assessed on the basis of the characteristics of catastrophic consciousness (i.e., the totality of mass fears and anxieties) of people in different historical eras. Studies show that throughout the history of mankind there has been a change in the vector of the considered consciousness from fears turned outward, to the actions of factors external to people (natural disasters, epidemics, invasions of conquerors), to fears turned inward, i.e. to the fears of man and humanity before themselves. This was the reason for the increased attention to the development of ways to overcome the destructive principles hidden in the person himself, in the depths of his personality, such as psychoanalysis, the theory of the collective unconscious.

Thus, it should be noted that the issues of ensuring security in the history of mankind have been given serious attention. But only now they have acquired a special, vital relevance... At the same time, many scientists and specialists admit that now special attention should be paid to precisely social security technologyaimed at the development of social and individual consciousness, the formation of a responsible and far-sighted attitude towards the environment. To do this, it is necessary to develop theoretical and methodological foundations for the formation of a culture of life safety, and, first of all, define a terminological fieldthis category.

Analysis shows that "culture" is one of most ambiguously defined concepts... In the words of culturologist Harry Triandis "culture is one of those definitions that are always present in the work of social researchers, but which are defined in so many different ways that consensus is not expected." In the scientific literature there is a huge number of definitions of this concept, depending on the goals and objectives of research, the characteristics of the branches of science, the specifics of scientific schools, etc. His the definitional range is extremely wide: from any results of human activity (according to P. Sorokin) to the basis of existence and the most important identification feature of any civilization (according to S. Huntington). Taking into account the generalization of various approaches to establishing the concept of "culture", it seems possible to define it as the basis of the worldview ( value system), traditions ( norms, stereotypes, stable rules of behavior), as well as the objective results of human activity ( activities, means, ways, objects).

It is known that traditionally culture develops quite spontaneously, under the influence of mass actions of individual individuals in response to the actions of other people. These aggregate mass actions form traditions, norms of behavior, create myths, trends and trends in art. From this point of view, it is correct to speak of culture not as a controlled process, but as a some state, the main parameter of which can be a level, a measure of achievement.

Unlike the spontaneous process of the development of traditional culture, the formation of a culture of life safety should be a regulated process in connection with the specific expected results for the prevention of global threats and dangers and the extremely limited time to achieve them. To do this, it is necessary to set such management goals, the degree of achievement of which can be measured. With such a pragmatic formulation of the question, the use of the concept of “level” as a measure of development also seems to be the most acceptable. In this case, it is possible to assess the degree of achievement of the desired result (for example, high or low culture), adjust the goals and objectives for the formation of culture.

Combining the concepts of "culture" and "security" for the first time was carried out by the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1986 in the process of analyzing the causes and consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Lack of safety culture was recognized as one of the main causes of this accident. Subsequently, this term was specified in the General Provisions for Ensuring the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants (OPB-88). This document notes that safety culture is characterized by qualification and psychological preparedness of personnel, and its formation is one of the fundamental principles of management and is subject to regulatory regulation in the nuclear power industry of Russia.

In the 90s of the XX century - the beginning of the XXI century, there was an understanding that this category should belong not only to the personnel of potentially dangerous objects and to be reduced only to the preparedness of persons, but also applied in relation to each person individually, society as a whole. From the value attitudes of people, the motives of their behavior, personal and professional qualities and abilities, the effectiveness of measures to ensure the safety of life, to reduce individual, social and global risks depends to a decisive degree.

During the same period, the concept of safety culture expanded. So, in the work it is noted that safety culture is a sociological category, reflecting social relations aimed at eliminating and minimizing (or creating and emission) social risks, dangers and threats arising at the level of an individual, group, society, state in various social situations. The same source gives the definition safety culture of Russian society, which is understood as a specific set of guidelines, means, forms and methods of interaction of people (social groups, institutions, etc.) with the environment of existence, which they develop in a joint life to maintain (change) certain structures of activity, social interaction and communication.

A number of authors, overcoming the departmental, corporate narrowness of understanding the category of "safety culture" that has developed within the nuclear industry, use the term " life safety culture", Which is understood as a social process aimed at the implementation of such conditions for the life of people, social groups, society in accordance with their level of development and stereotype of behavior, in which possible risks do not exceed the permissible values. In this case, vital activity is defined as the "existence and activity" of people, social groups, society. The broad context of this definition assumes consideration of all possible conditions of the environment in which an individual, collective, community of people can be.

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