How to put subscript and superscript characters. Subscript character in MS Word: learning to put. Unmerged subscripts

In EXCEL, it is easy to format a font to display superscript (x 2) and subscript (Al 2 O 3) characters. This can be done by selecting a portion of the text in the cell and using the Format Cells / Font dialog box ( CTRL+SHIFT+F) apply the required font formatting. But this approach does not work if the cell contains not a value, but a formula. And yet, in some cases, there is a way out.

Imagine a rather exotic task: it is necessary to display numbers in the format 225.00 the cell contains a formula.

Font formatting will not help here, we do not have a text string, but a formula.

Let's try to use not the number 2, the symbol 2 . This character has ASCII code 178.

TEXT() function

Into an empty cell Insert/ Text/ Symbol or by pressing (in the English layout, using the number block on the right side of the keyboard), insert the character 2 . It must be understood that this is not a number, but only a symbol. Select it and copy it to the clipboard. Next, we write the formula: =TEXT(225;"# ##0.00"&" 2 "), inserting the character at the correct location. Let's get the result as a text (the TEXT() function returns a text value).

Custom Format

You can go the other way - change the cell format to .

Opening the window Cell Format, tab Number, choose ( all formats). And enter the format in the field Type# ##0,00 2 (after deleting everything from it and copying symbol 2 to the Clipboard).

Sometimes users think about how to make a superscript font in Word. This is a fairly simple task. Even a schoolboy can handle it. Below we will consider the most common scenarios for the development of events. The instructions will help you choose the appropriate way to convert text to subscript and superscript.

Toolbar

For starters, this is working with the text editor toolbar. It allows you to format text documents or their individual fragments at any time.

To accomplish this task, you will need:

  1. Select the elements to be corrected.
  2. Find on the toolbar "Word" (line at the top) images x 2 and x 2 .
  3. Click on the first button to create
  4. Press the second button to get a subscript.
  5. Deselect text at the end of its formatting.

This is just one of the possible methods for solving the problem. Sometimes the mentioned buttons are not on the toolbar. Then you should act differently.

Function menu

How to make a subscript font in Word? And the superscript? The second trick is working with the formatting functional menus.

In our case, we need to adhere to the following plan:

  1. Select the text you want to format.
  2. Press RMB and in the drop-down list click on the line labeled "Font". You can immediately go to "Format" - "Font ...".
  3. The user will see a new small menu. Here you have to select the font type. For subscript, you will have to check the box next to the corresponding inscription, for superscript too.
  4. Confirm the formatting.

All decisive actions are over. The text will be converted according to the settings.

"Hotkeys

Another way out of the situation is to work with "hot" keys. With their help, the user will quickly convert the inscriptions to superscript or subscript.

Step by step, the text formatting operation will have the following interpretation:

  1. Select the fragment to be edited.
  2. Press Ctrl + "+". This technique will lead to the formation of a superscript inscription.
  3. Click on Ctrl and "=". The combination allows you to create subscript characters.
  4. Cancel the selection after the document has been formatted.

Fast, simple and very convenient. How to make a superscript font in Word? If we are talking about exponentiation, you can choose a different solution.

Inserting symbols

Namely - to insert special characters. This technique is not very common in practice, but it does take place.

You will have to act like this:

  1. Open "Insert" - "Symbols".
  2. Find characters with a shift up. For example, this can be done in different font sets.
  3. Click on the appropriate symbol. Double tap required.

Important: for exponentiation, it is better to use the insertion of formulas in the "Word" in the image with a mark above the main symbol).

The work of the MS Word program is not limited to a text editor; mathematical operations with a variety of numerical data are also in great demand. In the article, we will analyze in detail and clearly show how to put a degree in a Word using, for example, superscripts.

Superscript and subscript

Elementary and quickly raise a number to a power, and write a letter with an index, the "Main" menu with "superscript" and "subscript" will help. Initially, you need to open the "Home" tab on the main panel of Word. Therefore, it is important to indicate with the cursor the place where the number in the square should be, and then activate the "Superscript" button by pressing (the function will be active if it is yellow). All that is left is to enter the required number. We look at the picture below and compare what actions need to be done sequentially.

In order to exit the Superscript mode, you just need to press the X button 2 and make sure that it is not lit yellow. Otherwise, here's what happens.

So, the moment how to square X is clear. Now you can easily write any values ​​and numbers in a square, such as: m2, m3, cm2, km2.

Let's analyze the option of subscript characters, if you suddenly need to write a variable with a subscript. For example, like here, you need a small subscript:

Probably, an advanced user has noticed a hotkey for a subscript, but if not, then let's analyze this issue. All on the same main panel of the Word, there is a tab "Home", there are two buttons on it - X 2 and X 2. In this case, consider X 2 . Using this button, you can simply print any variable, the procedure is no different from the above parsed option. The second step changes, instead of the X 2 sign (which will allow you to write a number over a number or letter) on the main panel, select the X 2 sign i.e. "Subscript" (with which you can write a subscript in a second). Let's take a closer look at the example below, all the steps in turn.

Attention! Be sure to repeat step 2 (see the picture), otherwise everything printed will be written in a lower index. The "Subscript" button should not glow yellow.

Superscript and subscript in Word 2003

You can put an index or degree in Word 2003 on top of a number, a word or a letter, using the following steps. The sequence of actions is very important:

1) You need to write a number, or maybe a whole word (number or letter), which should be indicated in a square or just put an index. Select.

2) Right-click on the selected fragment and select the "Font" item in the drop-down window.

3) Check the desired mode in the window that opens - "Superscript" or "Subscript".

4) Do not forget to go to the "Font" item and uncheck the previously selected mode.

In Word 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016 this option will also work.

Using "Formula"

In versions of Word 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016, using the "Formula" button, it is possible to quickly put an index or degree in a mathematical equation or formula.

Go to the "Insert" section, select "Formula".

Use the left and right buttons to move from square to square, such actions will help you insert the necessary numbers and letters. After all the actions, click on an empty sheet and the equation is ready. By the same principle, we prescribe a number with a degree at the bottom, all steps are the same, only when choosing an index, you must select "Subscript".

There is another way to put a degree in Word, using the combination of these keys: Ctrl + Shift and + (it will not work on the number pad).

Office programs the user uses almost every day, and the most popular by far is Microsoft office. Popularity is partly due to the functionality and usability of applications Microsoft office. Moreover, even with the release of new versions of the office suite, users most often stop at the already well-known and familiar previous versions of the suite. Microsoft office. And although versions have already been released Microsoft Office 2007 And Microsoft Office 2010, many still prefer to use the familiar and stable version Microsoft Office 2003. Partly this attachment can be explained by habit, partly by fear of the new version with its changed interface, the main of which is the use of a toolbar with tabs in the form of a ribbon. Although there is nothing complicated in principle, and it’s not at all difficult to figure it out, especially since you already have experience working with Microsoft office. But it's not about that.

Most often, the most popular of the entire office suite is the program Word. This will be discussed - how to insert superscript and subscript characters in Microsoft Office Word.

Working with documents in the program Word, when creating a new one or editing an existing one, the user sometimes needs to insert some special sign over a string or substring. Not every user knows what to do when, for example, you need to indicate square or cubic meters in the text or write down a chemical formula. And this applies not only to those who use the latest versions of office programs, but also to those who have long been using the familiar Microsoft Office 2003.

Yes, it is in the program Word the ability to create formulas and insert mathematical symbols. If you go to the "Insert" tab on the ribbon, on the right side you can see the following items: formula - you can insert standard mathematical formulas or create your own; symbol - will help to insert a symbol that is not on the keyboard.

But more often, you just need to modify the written text, for example, from 30 m2 to 30 m 2, or the chemical formula, for example, write C2H5OH as it should be - C 2 H 5 OH. I don’t know, really, what kind of chemical formula this is and is there such a thing at all? I just wrote down what came to mind.

For a quick change superscripts the key combination Ctrl + Shift + = is applied, having previously selected the character that should be above the line. For subscripts Ctrl+= is used.

The same effect can be achieved using the editor Word. Having previously selected the desired character on the "Home" ribbon tab in the "Font" group, click on the square in the lower right corner - a dialog box will open.

Or press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+D . In the window that opens, check the box that you want to apply and click OK.

Combinations of two or more letters to designate one sound (compare diacritical š against French ch, German sch, English sh for the Russian sound and the letter "sh"). Diacritics are used with both vowels and consonants. The main drawback of diacritics is the clutter of the letter with small but important details, the omission of which can lead to serious errors, for example, when reading the Quran in Arabic. There are languages ​​in which diactic marks are not so common (Russian) or practically not used (English). In some cases there is a tendency to replace diacritical letters with digraphs (German: ö > oe in printed text and computerization).

Story

The oldest diacritics were probably Greek longitude and brevity, as well as Greek stress marks.

Diacritics are most widely used in languages ​​that have the Latin alphabet. This is due to the fact that in classical Latin there were no hissing sounds, nasal vowels, palatalized (softened) vowels, which were or developed in other languages, especially unrelated ones. So, if in Italian it is possible to render sizzling purely positionally (for example, in the word città "citta" - "city", where c + i automatically means a hissing sound), then in other languages ​​not related to Latin, this is impossible. Czech, Slovak, Turkish, Romanian, Polish, Lithuanian, Vietnamese are the most loaded with sound-distinctive diacritics. In Portuguese and French, vowels (ê, è, ë, ï, ã) are subjected to strong diacriticization - both sound- and semantic-distinctive, and purely etymological: île< лат. insula "остров". В романских языках имеется и особых диакритизованный согласный ç, в испанском - буква ñ, возникшая в результате надстрочного "двухэтажного" написания двух букв nn в латинских словах типа annum >anno> año "year".

Classification

Diacritics can be classified in various ways.

1. By place of writing: superscript, subscript, inline.

2. According to the method of drawing: freely attached to the main character or requiring a change in its shape.

3. By phonetic-orthographic meaning (the classification is incomplete and the categories are not mutually exclusive):

  • signs that have a phonetic meaning (affecting pronunciation):
    • signs that give the letter a new sound meaning different from the usual alphabetic one (for example, Czech č, ř, ž );
    • signs that specify the pronunciation of a sound (for example, French é, è, ê );
    • signs indicating that the letter retains its standard meaning in such an environment when its sound should change (for example, French ü, ï );
    • prosodic signs (specifying the quantitative parameters of sound: duration, strength, pitch, etc.):
      • signs of longitude and shortness of vowels (for example, ancient Greek ᾱ, ᾰ );
      • signs of musical tones (for example, Chinese ā, á, ǎ, à, a);
      • stress marks (for example, Greek "acute", "heavy" and "clothed" stresses: ά, ὰ, ᾶ );
  • signs that have only spelling meaning, but do not affect pronunciation:
    • signs that allow you to avoid homography (for example, in Church Slavonic there is a difference between creative falling singular "small" and dat falling plural "small"; in Spanish si "if" and Sí "yes");
    • signs that do not denote anything and are used according to tradition (for example, aspiration in Church Slavonic, which is always written over the first letter of the word, if that is a vowel);
  • signs of hieroglyphic meaning (considered diacritical only from the standpoint of typography):
    • signs indicating an abbreviated or conditional spelling (for example, a title in Church Slavonic);
    • signs indicating the use of letters for other purposes (the same titles in the Cyrillic notation of numbers).

4. By formal status:

  • signs with the help of which new letters of the alphabet are formed (in Western terminology they are sometimes called modifiers, and not proper diacritics);
  • characters whose combinations of letters are not considered to be a single letter (such diacritics usually do not affect the alphabetical sort order).

5. By mandatory use:

  • signs, the absence of which makes the text spelling incorrect, and sometimes unreadable,
  • signs used only in special circumstances: in books for the initial teaching of reading, in sacred texts, in rare words with ambiguous reading, etc.

If necessary (for example, in the case of technical restrictions), the diacritic may be omitted, sometimes with the insertion or replacement of the letters of the word.

Diacritics that look the same can have different meanings, names, and status in different languages ​​and writing systems.

The assignment of one or another element of the graphic system to diacritical marks is largely conditional. So, in modern Russian writing, one can find "diacritical marks" of various indisputability (from absolute to almost zero):

  • stresses - are placed only in rare cases and do not form new letters;
  • colon over "" - forms a new letter, but is usually omitted;
  • short over "" - forms a new letter and is never omitted;
  • underlining and underlining letters that look the same when handwritten T (m ) And w (w );
  • the letter "ь" as such (may be considered as a diacritic for the previous consonant);
  • the stick at "" and the tail at "" - are integral parts of the corresponding letters, but can be perceived as diacritical marks in the formal analysis and comparison of letters of the alphabet.

Basic diacritics

Comment. There are no well-established Russian names for most diacritics. Currently competing:

  • a traditional system of a philological persuasion, in which one (in form) sign can have many names used depending on which language is being discussed: for example, the same superscript colon in relation to the German language will be called "umlaut" (in recently also “umlaut”), to French - “three”, and to Russian - most often just “two dots”;
  • approximate descriptions of the shape (“bird”, “lid”, “hook”, etc.);
  • tracing paper from English computer terminology (primarily from Unicode), which even in the original is rather conditional, controversial and internally contradictory.

Further complicating the situation is the fact that two different characters in one language in another may turn out to be interchangeable font variants.

Description, code Example Possible uses

Unmerged superscripts

/-shaped stroke above the letter
U+0301
á acute accent: Greek. and c.-sl. oxia, lat. acutus(acut), fr. accent aigu (aksan-egyu) , English acute; used in Greek, Romanesque, Slavic and more. other languages
ń , ѓ trait (Polish) kreska) in Polish denotes a specific softening of consonants, and over ó - pronunciation as [u]; the same softening meaning is used in Sorbian, Croatian, Macedonian and some other languages
á in Czech, Slovak and Hungarian - a measure of vowel length
\-shaped stroke above the letter
U+0300
à heavy accent: Greek and c.-sl. varia, lat. gravity(gravis), fr. accent grave, English grave; used in Greek (polytonic spelling), Romance (primarily French), South Slavic and many more. other languages
hat over letter
(^-shaped: U+0302,
round: U+0311,
st.-sl. soft sign: U+0484,
over a couple of letters: U+0361)
â clothed stress: Greek. and c.-sl. chamber or perispomeni, lat. circumflexus(circumflex), fr. accent circumflexe, English circumflex; used in Greek (polytonic spelling), Romanesque (primarily in French), Serbian, C.-SL. and many others. other languages; in classical languages ​​the cap is usually round or even (in Greek) in the shape of a tilde (see below), in French, sometimes in Serbian - pointed
ĉ , ĝ , ĥ , ĵ , ŝ in Esperanto, the superscript character ^ is officially called "circumflex" (Esp. "cirkumflekso"), unofficially - "hat" (Esp. "ĉapelo"); modifies the reading of the corresponding uncapped consonants so that they are read, respectively, as Russian h, shh, X, and And w(approximately)
î in Romanian, a pointed cap over â And î means reading them as [s]
ê, ŝ in some systems of Latin transliteration of Cyrillic through ê the letter "e" can be transmitted, and through ŝ - the letter "u"
f͡ d in some transcription systems, a round cap over a group of letters indicates their continuous pronunciation (affricate)
in Old Church Slavonic, a round cap over a consonant (sometimes slightly shifted to the right) means its softness
â in Turkish, a cap over a vowel meant the softness of the previous consonant, it could also indicate the length of the vowel (it was used in borrowings from Arabic); after the writing reform in the 1990s, the cap was abolished, although it continues to be used occasionally.
superscript colon
U+0308
ë sign of separate reading of letter combinations: gr. diaeresis or dialytika, Gr. and fr. trema(diaeresis); used in Greek, Romance and Nek. other languages ​​(sometimes even in English)
ä umlaut - a sign of German and some other Germanic scripts, indicating a changed ("softened") pronunciation of some vowels; borrowed also by some other languages ​​(e.g. Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish and Slovak)
yo the colon is part of the Russian (and Belarusian) letter "ё"
ї the colon is part of the Ukrainian letter "ї" [yi]
ї , ѵ̈ in Church Slavonic kendema, that is, two dots (either two strokes // or \\, which was equivalent), are placed above the letter i and izhitsa ( ѵ ) in the case when they are read as [and] and do not have other superscript characters (accent or aspiration) on them
ӥ in the phonetic transcription of the Russian text: vowel change caused by the position between soft consonants
// above the letter
U+030B
ő , ű "Hungarian umlaut": ő And ű mean long variants of sounds expressed by letters ö And ü
ѵ̋ ѵ̈
\\ above letter
U+030F
And in Serbian: short falling stress
ѷ in Church Slavonic: font style ѵ̈ (for Izhitsa the most common, but ї often painted with dots or vertical strokes)
superscript circle
U+030A
å in some Scandinavian languages ​​through å long [a] is denoted, which has passed into [o]; uppercase Å - designation of angstroms
ů in Czech with the help of a circle (Czech. kroužek) through ů denoted by a long
superscript dot
U+0307
i, j included in lowercase letters i And j most languages ​​with Latin and some with Cyrillic writing (when adding any other superscript, the dot is usually removed); in some languages ​​(for example, in Turkish) the letter i with a dot (in Turkish it is read as [and]) and without a dot (it is read as [s]), and this difference is preserved for uppercase letters
ż hissing consonants in old Czech script, letter ż in current Polish
ė in Lithuanian
Latin transliteration of Sanskrit (via ṁ in different systems, both anunasika and anusvara can be depicted, but the latter can also be ṅ)
dot to the left above the letter in phonetic transcription of a Russian text: vowel change caused by position after a soft consonant
dot to the right above the letter
U+0358
in the phonetic transcription of the Russian text: vowel change caused by position before a soft consonant
tilde over letter
U+0303
ã in some the tilde transcription system (derived from superscript n And m) over vowels means their nasal pronunciation; in this sense it is also used in Portuguese
ñ in spanish ñ - soft [n]
in polytonic Greek orthography, the tilde is a font version of a round cap (see above about “clothed stress”)
bar over letter
U+0304
ā the main meaning (coming from ancient Greek and Latin) is an indication of the length of vowels (and syllable-forming consonants); sometimes the Greek name macron is used
U-shaped superscript
U+0306
ă the main meaning (coming from the ancient Greek and Latin languages) is an indication of the brevity of vowels; lat. brevis(brevis), English. Breve
th in Slavic Cyrillic means the non-syllabic character of vowels and their transition to consonants; c.-sl. and Russian name - short (from the end of the 19th century in dictionaries also brief). Included in letters th , ў (used in the Belarusian language) and some. etc. In modern Cyrillic scripts, it is usually depicted differently than in Greek and Latin.
ӂ in the Moldavian Cyrillic alphabet of the Soviet times, the letter "ӂ" meant the affricate [j]
ğ in Turkish through ğ denotes a sound close to Ukrainian G, and in some dialects reaching complete extinction
ŭ in Esperanto, the U-shaped accent, informally called "bath" (Esp. "kuveto"), transforms the vowel u into a non-syllable sound close to English w, used almost exclusively in diphthongs And , for example: "aŭroro" ("dawn"), "Eŭropo" ("Europe")
"bird" above the letter
U+030C
ž , ě hook (czech háček) - a sign of Czech writing, marking hissing and soft consonants, as well as greatly softening the pronunciation of the letter ě (usually corresponding to the old Slavic yat); above some letters it may look like an almost stuck apostrophe for beauty: Ľ , ď and so on.; borrowed into some other scripts (in Croatian it was used in both meanings); used in some Latin transliteration systems for Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets. In English computer slang since the 1980s, the name for this sign has appeared caron of unknown origin ( caret + macron?, carom + on?, lat. lat. corona?), which subsequently spread into other languages ​​and official documents (like the Unicode standard).
(-shaped sign
Greek: U+0314,
Kir.: U+0485
ὡ, ῥ deep breath (often corresponds to the initial h- in internationalisms): Gr. and c.-sl. dasia, lat. spiritus asper; used in polytonic Greek orthography and in some older varieties of Church Slavonic
)-shaped sign
Greek: U+0313,
Kir.: U+0486
ὀ, ὠ thin breath: Gr. and c.-sl. psili, c.-sl. Also caller, lat. spiritus lenis; used in polytonic Greek orthography and in Church Slavonic (does not stand for anything, is placed above the initial vowel of words)
top ponytail
U+0309
Vietnamese character for one of the musical tones (Vietnamese dấu hỏi)
title
U+0483
old and Church Slavonic sign for indicating abbreviated spellings of words and for literal notation of numbers
apostrophe n" in some systems of phonetic transcription: a sign of softness of consonants: be in love= [l"ub"um"] or

Unmerged subscripts

subscript dot
U+0323
various systems of transcription and transliteration (Semitic languages, Indian languages, etc.); a subscript dot can denote syllabic consonants (ṛ, ḷ), cerebral consonants (ḍ, ṭ, ṇ), the same anunasika with anusvara, etc.
subscript comma
U+0326
ț whistling and hissing in Romanian ( ș , ț )
subscript circle
U+0325
in some transcription systems (for example, in the reconstruction of the Indo-European or Proto-Slavic language), the circle under the consonant indicates its syllabic character
"cup" under several letters
U+035C
t͜s in some systems of phonetic transcription, the sign ͜ under the letter combination means its continuous pronunciation
"hat" under the letter
U+032F
in some phonetic transcription systems: non-syllabic sound
underline
U+0331
in dictionaries can denote stress
"bird" under the letter
U+032C
in IFA - a sign of voicedness

Unmerged inline characters

colon after letter a: in phonetic transcription - the sign of the longitude of the sound (in the IPA, a special sign of the "triangular colon" is used: )
dot on the top right after the letter o in Latin script for Taiwanese dialect

Merged superscripts

horn to the right and up
U+031B
ơ used in Vietnamese

Merged subscripts

cedilla
U+0327
ç comes from the Spanish language cedilla[cedilla] - "small" z ""), but now it is not used there; best known for its use in French (fr. cedille[gray]), placed under c in the case when this letter must be denoted by the pronunciation [s] instead of [k]: facade[facade]; is also used in some other languages ​​under different letters and with different meanings (for example, in Turkish the letters c, ç, s, s denote respectively the sounds [j], [h], [s] and [w]). In Latvian writing with a lowercase letter g the cedilla is reversed and becomes a superscript: ģ
c-tail
U+0328
ę comes from medieval Latin writing, where the sign ę was a compact replacement for the ligature æ ; from there it was borrowed by Polish script and received the name ogonek[ohonek] = "tail"; in Polish it is used in letters of nasal vowels ą And ę . Borrowed from Polish by other languages ​​(in particular, Lithuanian), used with various letters
ponytail like c or sch ҷ , ӌ was used in the 1930s and later when creating Cyrillic scripts for various languages ​​of the USSR; usually went right and down, but sometimes left and down
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