Understanding the issue of organizing the storage of information in electronic devices is one of the most important moments for those who are just beginning to study a computer. In this material you will learn where and in what form personal data of the user is stored, the necessary programs and other necessary information.
Discs
All user information, including the operating system, programs, games, documents and other data, is stored on special media called disks. Inside the computer, as a rule, there is a magnetic (mostly) or solid-state drive, called a hard disk (hard drive). Also, data can be stored on various external media, which include flexible magnetic drives (floppy disks), optical discs (CD, DVD, Blu-Ray), memory cards (media used to store data in digital devices, such as cameras, players and etc.), flash drives and other. In this case, they are all designed for long-term storage of information.
Additional boards of the system unit
Photos disappear, books rot, and even hard drives eventually fester. When you take a long look, the preservation of the collective culture of humanity is a “marathon”, it is a retransmission — successive generations transmit information from one slowing down carrier to another. It is as old as the Universe, and more than three times the age of the Earth. A new format document will be presented tomorrow by team lead researcher Professor Peter Kazan at the Optical Engineering Conference in San Francisco.
Work with all the listed disks is almost the same. Each carrier or storage device, the operating system is assigned a unique logical name in the form of a Latin letter of the alphabet and a colon after it. The devices for working with diskettes are named “A:” and “B:”. Behind them, starting with the letter “C”, the names of the hard drives, of which there may be several, follow in alphabetical order. After the hard drives, also in alphabetical order, the names for the optical drives (read / write optical drives) begin to be assigned. Then the names of network drives and data card readers from flash cards follow.
Whenever the laser hits the jab. it is reflected back and recorded as 1, whenever it has no relief, it is recorded as “It” can be destroyed either by physical scratches and abrasions, or by exposure to oxygen, heat and humidity.
This seems ambitious, though, given the inertia that needs to be overcome when introducing any new data carrier. There are also competing methods that are developed and theorized. At the very least, data storage in glass discs that can survive the Earth sounds almost normal compared to.
Information stored on a computer is measured in bytes. The smallest unit of data is called a bit. One byte contains 8 bits.
Modern programs and user data have sizes of several tens and hundreds of thousands of bytes, so in real conditions much larger units of measure are used: kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes.
Printers, scanners, modems ...
Who knows what will happen in thousands of years after that, no one can predict this, says Patel. - But we can guarantee that we have the ability to keep the culture, language and essence of a person of a race in a simple piece of glass. For future civilizations - or something else there.
Video editing is one of the most difficult tasks you can do on a computer. Choosing a fast storage solution can be a little more difficult than choosing the fastest computer processor, as there are more trade-offs. The biggest drives are not always the fastest, and the speeds can vary greatly. This guide was created to help you choose the right drive for your editing needs, from small to large.
For example, this page that you are reading, takes up space on your hard disk equal to the entire KB. Hard drives themselves have capacities ranging from 80 GB and reach 3 Terabytes. The average amount of RAM in a modern computer is from 2 to 4 GB. Optical discs can accommodate from 700 MB to 50 GB of information depending on the type. All kinds of memory cards and flash drives have capacities from 512 MB to 128 GB.
How much bandwidth do you need?
"The first step in choosing a disk is to determine how much storage space you need, as well as how quickly your data can be saved and retrieved." The first step in choosing a disk is to determine how much storage space you need, as well as how quickly your data can be saved and retrieved.
It is also very important not to confuse bits and bytes. Most codecs estimate their speed in bits per second, while most hard drives publish their speeds in bytes per second. This tool allows you to choose the codec that you will use, and it tells you how much bandwidth for one track of this codec is required in bytes per second.
Files
The basic unit of information on a computer is a file. It is a kind of container inside which a certain amount of information is stored, united by a certain semantic component. A file can be some kind of table, text, program, photo, video, musical composition, and so on.
Each file has its own name, which it assigns to the user at the time of its creation and writing to disk. Its name consists of two parts - the name itself (from 1 to 255 characters) and extensions (up to four characters), separated by a dot. For example, in a file called name.txt, “name” is its name, and “txt” is an extension. An extension for the file is optional.
Once you know how many bandwidths are required for one codec track, your next step is to determine how many tracks you need to play right away. If you do simple editing with some transitions and text overlays, then probably twice as much bandwidth will be enough. However, if you plan to do multi-cut cutting in real time or use a large number of layers at the same time, you will need much more. Below are a few popular codecs, as well as the required bandwidth.
File name extensions determine their type, that is, affiliation to various programs, methods of creation and assignment. That is, in most cases, by file extension, you can understand what kind of information it contains. For example:
- exe, bat, com, msi - As a rule, such extensions have programs and executable files.
- sys, dll - system files and libraries.
- txt - files containing text inside.
- doc, docx - files created with the help of the most popular test editor Word (Word).
- xls, xlsx - files created using Excel spreadsheet editor (Excel).
- jpg tif, bmp, gif, png - graphic files (photos, pictures).
- avi, mov, wmv mkv - video files (movies, videos).
- mp3, wav, wma - sound files (musical compositions, sound tracks).
Folders
As a rule, a huge number of various files are stored on the hard disk during operation of the computer. For example, only one operating system after installation creates on the disk several thousand of its own files necessary for it to work correctly. And if you add on them those that are created during the installation of various programs and your personal data, the figure will be very impressive.
Some recommended 5-inch discs are, or, or. Lower 5-inch discs are not recommended for video editing, even if their published speeds are fast enough. These drives are often not designed to support these speeds. In addition to speed, their main advantage is their instant search time, as well as their ability to read many small files with almost the same speed as one large file. This is great for storing operating systems and programs, as they often require access to a large number of small files.
As you understand, if all these files were lumped together, then it would be almost impossible to find the data you need. That is why computers use structured storage of information. The essence of this method is that the files are combined into separate groups for a particular attribute. These groups are called Folders or Catalogs. They, just like files, have their own names, but without extensions.
If you do not have space on your computer for internal drives, you will need to use an external drive. The performance of an external drive is determined by two factors: first, the actual speed of the drive used is important. If the manufacturer does not publish the speed of the internal disk, which is used, probably because it is not very fast.
External storage media. Diskettes, laser discs
The second factor that determines the performance of an external drive is the speed of the interface used to connect to the computer. Sometimes, external disk manufacturers will advertise the speed of the disk interface, as if it were the speed of the drive itself, which is not the case. In addition, the interface speed is usually specified in bits per second. The interface primarily determines the maximum possible speed of the disk. If the disk is faster than the interface, there will be no benefit, so it’s nice to have an interface that is much faster than a disk.
The choice of criteria for combining files into folders depends solely on your goals and wishes. Inside folders, you can create other folders in which you can also create the required number of directories. The only condition is that all objects in the same folder must have different names. Files and directories with the same name can be stored in different folders. Subfolders form a structure called a folder tree.
Below is a list of the various interfaces and their maximum speed. These astronomical speeds are much higher than that of any single disk. If possible, use the same drive model. It uses two disks and fully reflects them, so if someone doesn’t work, you have an exact copy. This is not the best option for video editing, if you do not need speed.
It provides much greater speed than a single drive, with protection against drive failures. Network drives: sharing editing projects across multiple computers can be a huge problem. Carrying external drives from computer to computer is time consuming and cumbersome. Good, but it depends on the complexity of the setup, and also on the utility.
Folder tree (directory)
With this organization of data storage, each file stored on any storage medium has its own way. The path to the file - this is a specific sequence of nested folders, starting with the one in which the user is currently located. When writing a path, the names of different directories and the file itself are separated by a backslash (“\\”).
The constant availability of images and ideas and their quick transfer even from continent to continent at the same time have a positive and negative impact on the psychological, moral and social development of people, on the structure and functioning of societies, on the exchange and connection between cultures, the collection and transmission of values, worldviews, ideologies and religious beliefs. one.
The truth of these words has become clearer in the last decade. Currently, there is no need to think of Earth as a network that is intertwined with electronic transmissions - as if it were a talkative planet embedded in the stillness of space. The ethical question is whether it contributes to true human development and helps the individual and the people to remain faithful to their transcendental destiny.
Look at the picture, for example, if you are in the Documents folder, then the path to the Diploma.doc file will look like this: Documents \\ Study \\ Diploma.doc
Another important definition follows from the concept of nesting directories: full file name - path to the file on behalf of the disk on which it is located. In our example, the full file name of Document.xls is as follows: C: \\ Documents \\ Hobby \\ Document.xls. Also, the full file name is called absolute file path.
Of course, the answer to this question is largely “yes.” New media are powerful tools for education and cultural enrichment, trade and political activities, intercultural dialogue and understanding; moreover, as we emphasized in accompanying document 2, they can also serve the cause of religion. And yet there is a lack of a coin. Communication tools that can be used for the benefit of people and communities can also be used for use, management, control, and porting.
So, now you know that all electronic information (programs, documents, photos, etc.) is stored in files on special media - disks or memory cards. For the convenience of searching and sorting data, files are grouped according to certain criteria into groups called folders. The files themselves have extensions with which you can understand what type of information it contains, and the file names, only part of its full name.
The Internet is the latest and in some respects the most effective in the media series - telegraph, telephone, radio, television - which over the past 150 years have gradually deprived space and time of obstacles to communication for many people. This has far-reaching consequences for people, nations, the whole world.
The principle of the computer
In this document, we would like to present the Catholic viewpoint on the Internet as a starting point for the Church to engage in dialogue with other sectors of society, in particular with other religious communities, in the development and use of this great technological tool. Nowadays, the Internet is used for many good purposes, and much more is promised, but unusable use can also cause great damage. This is a decision, and this decision will have two important elements: a commitment to the dignity of the human person and its long tradition of moral wisdom. 3
In this section I will talk about external storage media. Let me remind you that in the memory hierarchy they are the last. They can record the most data. Such drives are not so convenient (for example, often the user is too lazy to change a CD), but they are quite cheap.
External media is not just disks or floppy disks. They also include external hard drives, optical drives, USB-flash-cards, etc.
As in other media, people and people are the focus of ethical evaluation of the Internet. Regarding the message, the communication process, and structural and systemic issues in social communication, the following ethical principle applies: the man and the community of men are the goal and standard for working with the media. Communication should occur from person to person and in the interests of human development. four.
The common good - “the totality of the conditions of social life, which allows groups, as well as their individual members, to more fully and easily achieve their own perfection” 5 - provides the second principle of ethical evaluation of social communication. It should be understood in its comprehensive sense, as the sum of those valuable intentions that community members take on together, and the community exists for their realization and promotion. Human well-being depends on the common good of their communities.
External hard drive
External hard drives have been around for a long time. In structure, they are almost no different from internal. We can say that these are the most common hard drives, but not supplied with the computer (in particular, with a laptop), but in a special plastic case.
In addition to the hard disk, there is a special chip that converts the signals for transmission over one of the connectors on a laptop or desktop PC). You connect a small box with a cable to the computer, and after a few seconds, the operating system detects a new hard disk (Figure 4.11). It does not even have to restart.
The virtue that makes people inclined to protect and promote the common good is solidarity. This is not a feeling of compassion or superficial emotions in the face of the sorrows of others, but a firm and constant desire to work for the “common good”, that is, for the good of one and all, because we are all responsible for all. 6 First of all, today solidarity has a clear and strong international dimension; the right to speak of international social well-being and the duty to do so.
The international common good, the dignity of solidarity, the media revolution, information technology and the Internet all play a role in the globalization process. New technology stimulates and largely supports globalization, creating a situation where “trade and communications are no longer boundaries”. This has enormous consequences. Some people, businesses, and countries have become incredibly rich, while others have fallen behind. Entire nations were almost completely excluded from this process, and a place in the new world that took shape was forbidden to them. Globalization, which profoundly changed economic systems, creating unprecedented opportunities for growth, also caused many people to be in a difficult situation: unemployment in the most developed countries and suffering in too many countries in the southern hemisphere continue to win millions of women and men from progress and prosperity. 9.
Fig. 4.11. 2.5 ”external hard drive
Today there are two ways to connect a hard disk: via USB and FireWire. The first type has been mentioned more than once. Its purpose is universal, so not only the mouse, keyboard, printer, scanner, but also some external media are compatible with it.
Some time ago, FireWire (also known as IEEE 1394 and i.Link) was available only to owners of professional and expensive computers, but now it is in almost every laptop. Formally, FireWire is preferred for connecting an external hard drive. Due to better security, it can provide greater reliability and speed of data transfer. However, there are very few external hard drives that support the IEEE 1394 format on the market. Most often they are compatible with USB 2.0.
There is a way to turn a regular internal hard drive into an external one. In computer stores there is a good selection of external cases for hard drives. You need to purchase a case and a hard drive for it. After that, according to the instructions, insert the hard drive inside - and you're done.
It is important to follow a few rules. In the previous chapter, I said that there are several sizes of hard drives, the most common are 3.5 and 2.5. ” The first are used in desktop computers, the second - in mobile. Remember that a case can only be compatible with one of them.
Pay attention to the connection interface. It can be Serial ATA (or SATA) and IDE (or UDMA, Ultra ATA). It is necessary that both the hard disk and the case support the same connection method. Otherwise, nothing will work.
External optical drive
Today, laptop manufacturers are trying to equip each model with an optical drive to work with CDs. In the case of miniature subnotebooks, this cannot be done for obvious reasons. However, if you need to work with disks, the acquisition of an external optical drive will be the way out.
As in the case of hard drives, external drives are often internal versions enclosed in a case. They come in different sizes. The largest and heaviest are analogs of drives installed on desktop computers. Probably, they should not be acquired. Firstly, these drives are rather bulky, and secondly, an additional outlet may be needed for operation, which does not speak in favor of mobility.
If you wish, you can find a “laptop” external drive. It will be much more compact and, of course, more expensive. If you need a special version for transportation, then this option will be one of the best. “One of” because there are models designed specifically for carrying along with a laptop (Fig. 4.12).
Fig. 4.12. Special drive designed to carry with a laptop
Such optical drives are not based on internal counterparts, which negatively affects their value. But the convenience of transportation at altitude.
