Yalta conference table. Yalta conference: participants, solutions, lessons. Yalta continuation of Tehran

The Japanese name for Japan, Nihon (日本), has two parts, ni (日) and hon (本), both of which are Chinese. The first word (日) in modern Chinese is pronounced rì and, as in Japanese, denotes "sun" (written in its ideogram). The second word (本) in modern Chinese is pronounced bӗn. Its original meaning is "root", and the ideogram that conveys it is the ideogram of the tree mù (木) with a dash added at the bottom denoting the root. From the meaning “root” the meaning “origin” developed, and it was in this meaning that it entered the name of Japan Nihon (日本) - “the origin of the sun”> “land of the rising sun” (modern Chinese rì bӗn). In ancient Chinese, the word bӗn (本) also had the meaning of “scroll, book”. In modern Chinese, it has been supplanted in this sense by the word shū (書), but remains in it as a counting word for books. The Chinese word bӗn (本) has been borrowed into Japanese for both root, origin and scroll, book, and hon (本) means book in modern Japanese as well. The same Chinese word bӗn (本) in the meaning of “scroll, book” was also borrowed into the ancient Türkic language, where, after adding the Türkic suffix -ig to it, it acquired the form * küjnig. The Türks brought this word to Europe, where from the language of the Danube Türkic-speaking Bulgars in the form of K'nig it got into the language of the Slavic-speaking Bulgarians and through the Church Slavonic it spread to other Slavic languages, including Russian.

Thus, the Russian word book and the Japanese word hon “book” have a common root of Chinese origin, and the same root is included as a second component in the Japanese name of Japan Nihon.

I hope everything is clear?)))

Preparations for the Yalta Conference, which lasted from 4 to 11 February 1945, began at the end of 1944. It (preparation) was attended not only by the leaders of the anti-Hitler "big three", but also by their closest advisers, assistants, and foreign ministers. Among the main participants on our part are, of course, Stalin himself, Molotov, as well as Vyshinsky, Maisky, Gromyko, Berezhkov. The latter, by the way, left very interesting memoirs, which were published during his lifetime and were reprinted after his death.

Thus, by the time all three members of the anti-Hitler coalition gathered in Yalta, the agenda had already been agreed and some positions had been clarified. That is, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt arrived in Crimea with an understanding of what issues their positions more or less coincide on, and on which they still have to argue.

The venue for the conference was not immediately chosen. Initially, it was proposed that the meeting be held in Malta. Even such an expression appeared: "from Malta to Yalta". But in the end, Stalin, citing the need to stay in the country, insisted on Yalta. In all honesty, we must admit that the "father of nations" was afraid to fly. History has not preserved a single flight of Stalin on an airplane.

Among the issues that were to be discussed in Yalta, the main ones were three. Although, no doubt, the conference touched upon a much wider range of problems, and agreements were reached on many points. But the main ones, of course, were: the UN, Poland and Germany. These three questions took away most of the time from the leaders of the Big Three. And on them, in principle, agreements were reached, although, to be honest, with great difficulties (especially on Poland).

Diplomats during the Yalta conference. (pinterest.com)

We had no objections to Greece - Great Britain retained influence, but Stalin resisted about Poland: he did not want to give it up, referring to the fact that the country borders on the USSR and it was through her that the war came to us (and not for the first time, by the way, in history we were threatened from there). Therefore, Stalin had a very firm position. However, despite Churchill's categorical resistance and unwillingness to meet halfway, the Soviet leader achieved his goal.

What other options for Poland did the Allies have? At that time there (in Poland) there were two governments: Lublin and Mikolajczyk in London. Churchill, naturally, insisted on the latter and tried to win Roosevelt over to his side. But the American president made it very clear to the British prime minister that he did not intend to spoil relations with Stalin on this issue. Why? The explanation was simple: there was still a war with Japan, which for Churchill was not of particular interest, and Roosevelt did not want to bicker with the Soviet leader in anticipation of a future alliance to defeat Japan.

As already mentioned, preparations for the conference began at the end of 1944, almost immediately after the opening of the Second Front. The war was drawing to a close, it was clear to everyone that Hitler's Germany would not hold out for long. Consequently, it was necessary to solve, firstly, the question of the future and, secondly, to divide Germany. Of course, after Yalta there was also Potsdam, but it was in the Crimea that the idea appeared (it belonged to Stalin) to give the zone to France (for which, we note, de Gaulle was always grateful to the USSR).

Also in Livadia, a decision was made to grant membership in the UN to Belarus and Ukraine. At first, the conversation was about all the republics of the USSR, Stalin gently insisted on this for some time. Then he abandoned this idea and named only three republics: Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania (later he very easily abandoned the latter). Thus, two republics remained. To smooth over the impression and soften his persistence, the leader of the Soviet state suggested that the Americans also include two or three states in the UN. Roosevelt did not go to this business, foreseeing, most likely, complications in Congress. Moreover, it is interesting that Stalin had a rather convincing reference: India, Australia, New Zealand - all this is the British Empire, that is, Great Britain will have enough votes in the UN - you need to equalize the chances. Therefore, the idea of ​​additional votes for the USSR arose.

Stalin in negotiations with Roosevelt. (pinterest.com)

Compared to Poland, the discussion of the "German question" did not take long. They talked about reparations, in particular, about using the labor of German prisoners of war to pay off all the damage caused by the German army during the occupation of Soviet territory. Other issues were also discussed, but there were no objections on the part of our allies, Britain or the United States. Apparently, all the energy was focused on discussing the future of Poland.

An interesting detail: when zones of influence in Europe were distributed between the participants (in this case, we are talking about Great Britain and the USSR), when Stalin agreed to leave Greece for Great Britain, but did not agree to Poland in any way, our troops were already in Hungary and Bulgaria. Churchill sketched the distribution on a piece of paper: 90% of Soviet influence in Poland, 90% of British influence in Greece, Hungary or Romania (one of these countries) and Yugoslavia - 50% each. Writing this down on a piece of paper, the British Prime Minister pushed the note to Stalin. He looked, and, according to the memoirs of Berezhkov, Stalin's personal translator, "clicked back to return it to Churchill." They say there are no objections. According to Churchill himself, Stalin put a checkmark on the document, right in the middle, and pushed it back to Churchill. He asked: "Shall we burn a piece of paper?" Stalin: “As you wish. You can keep it. " Churchill folded the note, put it in his pocket, and then showed it. True, the British minister did not fail to remark: "How quickly and not very decently we decide the future of the countries of Europe."

At the Yalta conference, the "Iranian issue" was also touched upon. In particular, he was associated with Iranian Azerbaijan. We were going to create another republic, but the allies, the United States and Great Britain, just reared and forced us to abandon this idea.

Leaders of the Big Three at the negotiating table. (pinterest.com)

Now let's talk about the main participants in the conference. And let's start with Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Before the meeting in Yalta, the American president's personal physician, Dr. Howard Bruen, examined Roosevelt in order to understand his physical condition: whether he could handle the flight, and indeed the conference itself. The president's heart and lungs were found to be in order. True, things were worse with pressure - 211 to 113, which, probably, should have alerted. But Roosevelt had an enviable character trait: he knew how to get together. And the president got together, showing extraordinary energy, joking, ironic, quickly reacting to all the questions that arose, and thereby somewhat reassured his relatives and advisers that everything was in order. But pallor, yellowness, blue lips - all this attracted attention and gave rise to Roosevelt's critics to assert that, in fact, the physical condition of the American president explains all his inexplicable concessions to Stalin.

Roosevelt's closest advisers, who nevertheless were by his side and bore a certain degree of responsibility for the agreements that were reached, argued that the president was in complete control of himself, was aware of everything he said, agreed to and went. “I have achieved success in everything where I could achieve success,” - said Roosevelt after Yalta in Washington. But this by no means removed the charges against him.

When Franklin Delano Roosevelt returned home, he spent all his time at the Warm Springs residence. And on April 12, almost exactly two months after the end of the Yalta meeting, Roosevelt, signing state documents, while the artist Elizaveta Shumatova, invited by a friend of the president, Mrs. Lucy Rutherferd, painted his portrait, suddenly raised his hand to the back of his head and said: “ I have a terrible headache. " These were the last words in the life of Franklin Roosevelt.

It is worth noting that on the eve of April 12, the American president sent his last telegram to Stalin. The fact is that the Soviet leader received information about the meetings of Allen Dulles, the OSS resident in Bern, with General Wolff. Stalin, having learned about this, did not fail to turn to Roosevelt with this, one might say, not quite ordinary letter expressing protest, even amazement, surprise. How so? We are such friends, we are always frank in relationships, but here you fail? Roosevelt reacted. First, he said that he was not conducting any negotiations, that this was a continuation of what had been started with Stalin's consent. But the USSR was not invited to these negotiations, so the Soviet leader was indignant. And Roosevelt wrote to Stalin that he really didn’t want such an insignificant event to spoil their relationship. And he sent this telegram to Harriman, the US ambassador to the USSR.

Harriman, on his own initiative, delayed the transmission of the letter to Stalin and sent an urgent coded telegram to Roosevelt that it was not worth saying that this "minor misunderstanding" was a very serious situation. And Roosevelt replied: "I am not inclined to consider this a serious event and continue to consider it just a misunderstanding." Thus, the telegram was transmitted to Stalin. And when he received it, the next day Roosevelt was gone.

Russian postage stamp 1995. (pinterest.com)

Returning to the Yalta Conference, it should be said that Stalin, in principle, was pleased with its results. Nowhere and never did he express any dissatisfaction about the fact that he did not succeed (this was not in the spirit of the Soviet leader). The meeting in Crimea received an extremely positive, positive assessment: “achieved”, “preserved”, “provided”, “advanced”.

And finally, a few words about the security of the Yalta conference. The protection of representatives of states within the framework of the meeting was, of course, the responsibility of the USSR, on whose territory it was held. It is worth noting that all possible forces were involved in guarding and escorting the leaders of the Big Three. An interesting fact: on the way to Livadia, from the windows of their cars, Churchill and Roosevelt observed not only the signs of the war that had just died down, but also a large number of women in military uniform.

The article is based on the material of the program "The Price of Victory" by the radio station "Echo of Moscow". The guest of the program is Eduard Ivanyan, Doctor of Historical Sciences, guest of the program "The Price of Victory" of the radio station "Echo of Moscow", the hosts are Dmitry Zakharov and Vitaly Dymarsky. You can read and listen to the original interview in full at

Or the meeting of the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, all researchers and historians call historical. It was on it, in the period from 4 to 11 February 1945, that a number of decisions were made that determined the way of Europe and the world as a whole for decades to come.

Not Malta, not Sicily, not Rome. To Yalta!

The first meeting between Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill took place in November 1943 in Tehran. It determined the preliminary dates for the landing of the Allies in Europe in 1944.

Immediately after Tehran-43 and the landing of allied troops in France in June 1944, the heads of the three states in personal correspondence began to probe the ground for a meeting. According to historians, the first to raise the topic of a new conference, or as they say now, a summit, was US President Franklin Roosevelt. In one of his messages to Stalin, he writes: "A meeting should soon be arranged between you, the Prime Minister and me. Mr. Churchill completely agrees with this idea."

The meeting was originally supposed to be arranged in Northern Scotland, Ireland, then on the island of Malta. Possible meeting points also named Cairo, Athens, Rome, Sicily and Jerusalem. However, the Soviet side, despite the objections of the Americans, insisted on holding the conference on its territory.

Churchill, like the Americans, did not want to go to Crimea and noted in a letter to Roosevelt that "the climate and conditions are terrible there."

Nevertheless, the meeting place was precisely the southern coast of Crimea and specifically Yalta, which was less destroyed after the occupation.

"Eureka" and "Argonaut"

What Stalin allowed the British Prime Minister, who so did not want to get out to Crimea, was to give the conference code name, which was mentioned in the secret correspondence. Namely "Argonaut". Grouch Churchill proposed this name, as if drawing a parallel between the ancient heroes of ancient Greek myths, who went to the Black Sea region for the Golden Fleece, and the participants of the Yalta Conference, who go to practically the same places, but the "golden fleece" for them will be the future of the world and the division of spheres of influence ...

Greek mythology hovered invisibly in the relationship of the Big Three. It is no coincidence that the 1943 Tehran meeting was codenamed "Eureka". According to legend, it was with this legendary exclamation ("Found!") That Archimedes of Syracuse discovered the law that "on a body immersed in a liquid ...".

It is no accident that Tehran-43 also showed the convergence of the positions of the heads of the three great powers, who really found a common language and ways to full-fledged cooperation.

Aircraft, anti-aircraft guns, ships and armored trains: safety above all

Although in February 1945 the war was at its final stage, increased attention was paid to the security issues of the participants in the Yalta Conference.

According to the Russian writer and historian Alexander Shirokorad, which he cites in his publication in the Independent Military Review, thousands of Soviet, American and British security and security personnel, ships and aircraft of the Black Sea Fleet and the US Navy, and Great Britain. From the US side, the Marine Corps was involved in protecting the president.

The air defense of the Saki airfield, which was the only host of the delegation, consisted of more than 200 anti-aircraft guns. The batteries were designed to fire seven-layer fire at an altitude of up to 9000 m, aimed fire at a height of 4000 m, and barrage fire at a distance of up to 5 km to the airfield. The sky above it was covered by over 150 Soviet fighters.

76 anti-aircraft guns and almost 300 anti-aircraft machine guns and heavy machine guns were deployed in Yalta. Any plane that appeared over the conference area was to immediately go astray.

Highway security was provided by the personnel of seven checkpoints of more than 2 thousand people.

When the motorcade of the delegations participating in the conference passed along their entire route, all other traffic stopped, and residents were evicted from residential buildings and apartments that overlooked the highway - their place was taken by state security officers. In order to ensure security, about five NKVD regiments and even several armored trains were additionally deployed to Crimea.

To protect Stalin, together with the Soviet delegation at the Yusupov Palace in the village of Koreiz, 100 state security officers and a battalion of NKVD troops in the amount of 500 people were assigned. For foreign delegations who arrived with their own guards and security services, the Soviet side allocated external guards and commandants for the premises they occupied. Soviet automobile units were assigned to each foreign delegation.

There is no reliable evidence that Hitler intended to stage an assassination attempt on his opponents in Crimea. And he was not up to it then, when Soviet troops were already a hundred kilometers from the walls of Berlin.

Russian hospitality: caviar with cognac, but no bird's milk

Saki airfield became the main airfield for receiving delegations arriving in Crimea. The airfields of Sarabuz near Simferopol, Gelendzhik and Odessa were considered as alternatives.

Stalin and the delegation of the Soviet government arrived in Simferopol by train on February 1, after which they went by car to Yalta.

Churchill's and Roosevelt's planes landed at Saki about one hour apart. Here they were met by the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov and other high-ranking officials of the USSR. In general, 700 people who were part of the official delegations of the United States and Great Britain at meetings with Stalin were delivered to Crimea from Malta, where the meeting of the American President and the British Prime Minister took place the day before.

According to the first researcher of the unofficial nuances of the Yalta meeting, Crimean historian and ethnographer Vladimir Gurkovich, with whom the RIA Novosti correspondent (Crimea) spoke, the Allied delegations were greeted with great fanfare. In addition to the obligatory in this case the formation of the guards of honor and other honors, the Soviet side also arranged a grand reception not far from the airfield.

In particular, three large tents were erected, where there were tables with glasses of sweet tea with lemon, bottles of vodka, cognac, champagne, plates with caviar, smoked sturgeon and salmon, cheese, boiled eggs, black and white bread. This is despite the fact that ration cards were still valid in the USSR, and Crimea was liberated from the invaders less than a year ago.

Gurkovich's book about everyday and unofficial details of the Yalta conference was published in 1995 and became the first such publication on this topic. The ethnographer collected testimonies of the participants in the events still alive at that time: guards - NKVD officers, cooks, waiters, pilots, providing "clear skies" over the Crimea.

He says that, according to the testimony of one of the chefs who prepared dishes for the reception at the Saki airfield, there were no restrictions on food and drinks.

“Everything had to be at the highest level and our country had to confirm this level. And the tables were really full of all kinds of delicacies,” the Crimean ethnographer notes.

And this is only on the tables of official delegations. And American and British pilots were received at the Saki military sanatorium named after Pirogov, where about 600 places were prepared for them. Russian hospitality manifested itself here as well. They were prepared according to the menu approved by a special order of the chief of the rear services of the Black Sea Fleet. According to eyewitnesses, the tables were also full of abundance: they had everything except bird's milk.

Churchill smoked a cigar in Simferopol, and Stalin shaved in Alushta

In fact, this stop of the British Prime Minister in Simferopol, in the house at 15 Schmidt Street, cannot be called secret. Along the route of the motorcade from Sak, several places of possible stops for rest were envisaged. One of them was in Simferopol, and the second in Alushta. The first of them was used by Churchill on his way to Yalta, and the second was used by Stalin.

The house on Schmidt Street in Simferopol was previously a reception house, or otherwise a hotel of the Council of People's Commissars of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the occupation, high-ranking officers of the Wehrmacht lived there, so the building and internal premises were sufficiently well-groomed and ready to receive distinguished guests.

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was a famous lover of cognac and cigars, which he consumed without sparing his health. While flying from Malta, and this is a rather long journey, he sent a telegram to Stalin that he was already in flight and "had already had breakfast." And at the airfield in Saki, the allies were greeted with no less warm hospitality, with Armenian brandy and champagne for the British prime minister.

As Vladimir Gurkovich notes, there is nothing unusual about Churchill's stop in Simferopol. He most likely needed time to "come to his senses, think and once again smoke a cigar." And he stayed in the guest house for no more than an hour, and indeed, going out onto the balcony, according to one of the state security officers, he smoked a traditional cigar.

Gurkovich also cites information that the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Joseph Stalin, after his arrival in the Crimea, stayed in Alushta - at the so-called "Golubka" dacha of the retired tsarist general Golubov, on the first floor. "Here he rested and shaved," evidenced an archival record found by Gurkovich.

"Dove" is also notable for the fact that it was here that the future heir to the throne Nikolai Alexandrovich (Nicholas II) and his future wife Alexandra Feodorovna stayed in 1894, after the blessing of their marriage by Emperor Alexander III, who was dying in Livadia.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt from Sak went straight to the Livadia Palace without stopping.

After the conference, Roosevelt and Churchill visited Sevastopol, which lay in ruins. And the British prime minister visited Balaklava, where one of his ancestors died in the Crimean War (the first defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855). However, in his memoirs, he does not mention this trip.

Stalin to the Yusupovs, Roosevelt to the Romanovs, Churchill to the Vorontsovs

The main venue for the meeting was Livadia, the former estate of Russian emperors, starting with Alexander II. The well-known Livadia Palace was built in 1911 by the architect Nikolai Krasnov for the last of the Romanovs, Nikolai II.

It was the Livadia Palace that was designated as the main residence of the US negotiating delegation, headed by Roosevelt. The President of the United States has been wheelchair bound since 1921 due to polio and has been restricted from movement. Therefore, in order not to jeopardize Roosevelt's health once again and create comfortable conditions for him, Stalin appointed Livadia for work - both to accommodate the US delegation and the Big Three summit meetings.

Churchill and the British delegation got the no less luxurious palace of the Governor-General of Novorossiya, Count Vorontsov, in Alupka, which was built according to the design of the English architect Edward Blore.

Stalin chose Prince Yusupov's palace in Koreiz for his residence.

A number of researchers note that this location was not chosen by chance: Koreiz is located between Alupka and Livadia, and Stalin could observe all the movements of the allies.

To put it mildly, this is not so, or not quite so. The surveillance and wiretapping services of the Soviet state security worked at a high level, so it is unlikely that Stalin would pull back the curtain and observe the frequency with which the motorcade runs between the English and American residences.

Furniture and groceries were delivered by echelons

The palaces of the Southshore after the occupation looked very deplorable. The Germans tried to take out all the most valuable items of furniture and decoration. Therefore, colossal efforts were made on the Soviet side to make the conference as comfortable as possible.

Suffice it to say that for this purpose, over 1,500 carriages of equipment, building materials, furniture, sets, kitchen utensils and food were delivered to Crimea.

The repair of the Livadia Palace alone took 20 thousand working days. In Livadia, as well as in Koreiz and Alupka, bomb shelters were built, since the possibility of an enemy air raid was not ruled out.

Roosevelt, who rode cautiously to the summit, was nevertheless delighted with the design of his apartment. Everything was to his taste: the curtains on the windows, the draperies on the doors, the bedspreads on his and his daughter's beds, and even the telephones in all the rooms were blue. This color was Roosevelt's favorite color and, as he put it, "caressed his blue eyes."

In the White Hall of the palace, where the main sessions of the conference were held, a round table for negotiations of the Big Three was mounted. For the working needs of the members of the delegations, a former billiard room was prepared, where most of the documents were signed, an inner Italian courtyard and the entire garden and park ensemble.

In Livadia, where not only the American delegation was present, but also the main negotiations of the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain took place, three power plants were installed. One working and two redundant. In Alupka and Koreiz - two each.

The publication was prepared on the basis of RIA Novosti's own materials (Crimea) and open sources

The art of war is a science in which nothing succeeds except what has been calculated and thought out.

Napoleon

The Yalta (Crimean) Conference was held on February 4-11, 1945 at the Livadia Palace in Yalta (Crimea). The conference was attended by the leaders of 3 powers: USSR (Stalin), USA (Roosevelt), Great Britain (Churchill). Foreign ministers, chiefs of staff and advisers took part in the conference along with the leaders of the countries. The main question is the post-war world order and the fate of Germany. By this time, it was absolutely clear that the war was won and the issue of the surrender of Nazi Germany was a matter of several months.

Choosing a conference venue

The planning of the conference began in about six months, and for the first time the leaders of the countries started talking about its necessity in May 1944. Churchill did not express any wishes or demands regarding the venue, but Roosevelt suggested holding a meeting in Rome, arguing that the US Constitution does not allow him to leave the country for a long time, and he himself can only move in a wheelchair. Stalin rejected this proposal and insisted on holding a conference in Yalta, although Roosevelt also proposed Athens, Alexandria and Jerusalem. He talked about places with warm climates.

By holding a conference in Yalta, in the Crimea, Stalin wanted to once again demonstrate the power of the Soviet army, which independently liberated this territory from the German invaders.

Operation Valley

"Valley" is the code name for the operation to ensure security and other issues of the conference in Crimea. On January 3, Stalin instructed Beria personally to carry out these events. First of all, the locations of the delegates were determined:

• Livadia Palace is the seat of the US delegation and the venue for the conference.
• Vorontsov Palace is the seat of the British delegation in Yalta.
• Yusupov Palace - the seat of the USSR delegation.

From about January 15, NKVD operational groups began to work in Crimea. Counterintelligence was actively working. More than 67 thousand people were checked, 324 were detained, 197 were arrested. 267 rifles, 283 grenades, 1 machine gun, 43 machine guns and 49 pistols were confiscated from the persons checked. Such activity of counterintelligence and unprecedented security measures gave rise to a rumor among the population - preparing for war with Turkey... This myth was dispelled later, when the reasons for these actions became clear - the holding of an international conference of the heads of the 3 leading world powers in Yalta to discuss the further development of Europe and the world.

Issues to be discussed

War with Japan

At the Yalta Conference, the issue of the USSR's entry into the war against Japan was separately discussed. Stalin said that this was possible, but not earlier than 3 months after the complete surrender of Germany. At the same time, the Soviet leader named a number of conditions for the USSR's entry into the war against Japan:

• The results of the war of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 are annulled, and the USSR returns all the territories lost by the tsarist government.
• The USSR receives the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin.

The question of starting a war with Japan on the part of the USSR did not raise any big questions, since Stalin was interested in this. It was obvious that Japan would not be able to resist the allied army, and with little effort it would be possible to win and regain the lands lost earlier.

All decisions of the Crimean Conference

The Yalta Conference on February 4-11, 1945 worked out a document, the main points of which were as follows:

• Creation of the United Nations. The first meeting, at which the charter of the organization was to be worked out, was held on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco (USA). All countries that at the time of February 8 were at war with Germany could enter the UN. It was decided to create a UN Security Council, which included the USSR (successor Russia), the USA, Great Britain, China and France. All 5 countries have the right to "veto": the imposition of a ban on any decision of the organization.
• Declaration on the Liberation of Europe. The zones of influence over the countries that were subordinate to Germany were delimited.
• Dismemberment of Germany. It was decided that the USSR, the USA and England will have complete power over Germany, taking all measures that they consider to be justified for the future security of the world. A commission was created Eden, Vainant and Gusev, who were in charge of these issues and had to decide whether it was necessary to involve France in the process of dismemberment.
• Zone of French occupation in Germany. Stalin sharply opposed this idea, saying that France had not fought, and therefore did not have the right to a zone of occupation. But if the United States and England consider this permissible, let them allocate such a zone to the French from their territories. And so it was decided.
• Reparations. It was decided to create a commission, which was to determine the amount of reparations. The commission met in Moscow. The payment plan was as follows: one-time (after the defeat of Germany, reparations were withdrawn, which would deprive Germany of military and economic potential), annually (the duration and volume of annual payments had to be established by the commission) and the use of German labor.
• Polish question. The creation of the Provisional Polish Government was approved, the eastern border with the USSR along the Curzon line was approved, and the right to expand Poland to the West and North was recognized. As a result, Poland expanded its territory and received a more democratic government.
• Yugoslavia. It was decided later to solve the problems of the country and its borders.
• Southeast Europe. It was decided to create a commission, which will solve 3 main problems: 1 - oil equipment in Romania, 2 - Greece's claims to Bulgaria, 3 - the creation of a commission on Bulgarian issues.

The Yalta conference basically did not contain complex issues, since there were agreements. The most pressing issue was the reparations from Germany. The Soviet Union demanded the appointment of reparations in the amount of 20 billion dollars, 10 of which were to be assigned to the USSR, and the other 10 to the rest of the countries. Churchill was strongly opposed, but it was decided to create a separate commission to resolve this issue.

The Yalta Conference of 1945 - a smile on the face of world history. During the closing stages of World War II, three world leaders gathered at the negotiating table to make crucial decisions for the world. We still feel the results of it. A redistribution of borders was carried out, a declaration on a liberated Europe was adopted, and the ways for the formation of the UN were outlined.

Time and participants

From 4 to 11 February 1945, this military conference took place in the Crimea. It had a strictly regulated composition of participants.
The Big Three had already met earlier, so this was their next step towards each other - the Yalta conference. In 1943 in Tehran, they outlined the main milestones in the discussion, but the adoption of specific decisions was postponed until this meeting.
Stalin and the delegation were accommodated in the Yusupov Palace, Roosevelt in the Livadia (White) Palace, Churchill in the Vorontsov Palace. Due to the fact that the President of the United States was in a wheelchair for many years and was limited in movement, everyone gathered in the palace provided to him. The discussion went on almost continuously.
The participants in the 1945 Yalta conference positioned themselves as good friends, a special atmosphere reigned, the parties strove to come to a consensus. A huge amount of work was done, during which a 9-point communiqué was agreed and signed.

Session No. 1, February 4, 1945

Three heads are bent over the world map. The entire first day of the conference was devoted to discussing military issues.
The actions of the Red Army on the Eastern Front, the probable actions of the German troops, the balance of forces, the rapprochement of the allied forces are discussed.
The possibility of air strikes by the allies was especially emphasized, they talked about the possible reinforcement of Germany through the transfer of Italian divisions, places of concentration of submarines, forcing rivers and altering railways (their size was not suitable for the movement of Soviet equipment), the length of the front on which it was supposed to make a breakthrough.
Country leaders discuss their strengths and strategy. So, the USSR has 9 thousand tanks, the allies - 300 (Great Britain) and 10 thousand (USA). Aircraft - 8-9 thousand and the USSR and the allies. It turns out that soon the USSR is planning to include Denzig in the zone of artillery fire. Peace and war in a terrible combination is what the Yalta conference is. In 1943, at the Tehran Conference, the countries of Europe were scattered and still could not draw up a general algorithm of actions. Now it has become possible.

Session No. 2, February 5, 1945

Stalin specifically raises the question of the dismemberment of Germany. Churchill proposed separating Prussia as the source of major troubles. By joint efforts, it was decided to instruct the ministers to develop a plan for its division. Later it happened so. For a long time, Germany was two separate states - the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic.
The question of Germany's reparations to the USSR was raised sharply. Compensation for damages, in particular its size, should not have a detrimental effect on the improvement of the post-war life of the German people. At the same time, a figure of about $ 10 billion was stipulated.
The principled position of the USSR was that reparations to Germany should have been paid in kind - with labor, high-tech technologies, the latest developments, machines (later this happened, but partly with outdated technology).
A constructive decision was made: to create a special reparations commission, which would calculate everything due to each country. In the end, the leaders of the countries agreed that everyone should be given what he deserves. The key issue was the details about reparations and Poland, which were especially emphasized at the Yalta conference. In 1943, in Tehran, this was already discussed, but did not lead to any specific actions.

Session No. 3, February 6, 1945

Roosevelt opens a discussion on how to ensure international security and maintain peace for the next 50 years. The types of international situations are discussed (Egypt asks for the Suet Canal, China asks for the return of Hong Kong). The leaders of the countries joked about the world domination of one of the countries (it was clear to everyone that no power alone would be able to maintain control over the entire world).
Then everyone got bogged down in the Polish question. During the discussion, it was the most difficult, controversial in principle. It spent 24% of all the messages that originated in Yalta. The whole difficulty was that at that time there were two Polish governments. The allies, on the other hand, had different positions regarding their legitimacy. Stalin emphasized that the Curzon Line was not a Russian solution. Thus, the ideal compromise dialogue is the Yalta conference. It would not have been possible to briefly highlight the Polish issue, but agreements were nevertheless reached on its borders and elections.

Session No. 4, February 7, 1945

We agreed to send for representatives of both Polish governments to make an adequate decision. Fierce controversy was caused by the situation with the entry of countries into the future UN. Which countries will be invited to the conference on its creation? Who will become its members?
There was a discussion about the registration of votes in the UN of the Soviet republics - the Ukrainian and Belarusian.

Session No. 5, February 8, 1945

Different countries are proposed for the list of UN organizations. Their participation in the war was taken into account in relation to military operations. Countries such as Egypt (with its neutrality more beneficial than declaring war on Germany), Argentina, Iceland, Eire, Denmark were mentioned. Churchill clarified whether it is still possible to admit the country to the next conference, provided that they declare war on Germany before March 1.
On the Polish issue, the situation has moved off the ground. The consensus is that general elections were to be held urgently in Poland. The criticality of Poland's position is acknowledged and entrusted to further discussion by the ministers.
A question about the meetings of the foreign ministers of the three states. It was decided to make these meetings permanent, as necessary and the situation in the international arena. The first meeting was made in London.

Session No. 6, February 9, 1945

The United States presented a draft procedure for the seizure of reparations from Germany. Stalin and his assistants made an adjustment regarding the amount and suggested focusing on the 1938 pricing, plus or minus 10%.
The question arose of custody of colonial non-independent peoples (not British colonies). The last amendment was very exciting and was fundamental for Churchill and the whole of Great Britain with its colonies.
At that time, the state of the government in Yugoslavia remained very precarious. The parties discussed the application of the Tito-Shubašić agreement with amendments (they were adopted the next day).
The declaration on liberated Europe is accepted for practical application. The document is proposed to be tested in Poland.
The question of war criminals is being raised. The head of Great Britain expresses the position of such a decision: to shoot the main criminals as soon as they are caught. Stalin agrees, but corrects that this should take place according to a political court and without the participation of the broad masses and the press.
They talked about the Allied offensive on the Western Front. The next day the Allied army march in the Nijmegen area.

Sessions No. 7, 8 of February 10 and 11, 1945

Discussion of the text of the communiqué. Each word was carefully considered, wording and terms were corrected in order to avoid unbalance.
The text was read out on February 12, 1945 at 23-30.

Consequences

No matter how we treat the leaders and their decisions, some of them still have an impact on us. The functional decisions adopted in Crimea, for example, include the existence of the UN, the adopted borders in Europe and the Far East, the independence of the DPRK and the Republic of Korea, and the territorial integrity of the PRC.