Convert micro to milli:

1. Select the desired category from the list, in this case, "SI Prefixes."
2. Enter the value to translate. Basic arithmetic operations such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*, x), division (/, :), exponent (^), brackets and π (pi) are already supported at the moment.
3. From the list, select the unit of measure for the translated quantity, in this case "micro."
4. And finally, select the unit of measure into which you want to convert the value, in this case, milli.
5. After displaying the result of the operation and whenever appropriate, the option of rounding the result to a certain number of decimal places appears.

Using this calculator, you can enter a value for conversion along with the original unit of measure, for example, "400 micro". In this case, you can use either the full name of the unit of measure, or its abbreviation. After entering the unit of measurement that you want to convert, the calculator determines its category, in this case, "SI Prefixes". After that, he converts the entered value to all the relevant units of measurement that he knows. In the list of results, you will undoubtedly find the converted value you need. Alternatively, the converted value can be entered as follows: "20 micro per milli", "20 micro -\u003e milli" or "62 micro \u003d milli". In this case, the calculator will also immediately understand which unit of measurement you want to convert the original value into. Regardless of which of these options is used, it eliminates the need for a complex search for the desired value in long selection lists with countless categories and countless units supported. All this is done for us by a calculator that copes with its task in a split second.

In addition, the calculator allows you to use mathematical formulas. As a result, not only numbers like "(41 * 72) micro" are taken into account. You can even use multiple units directly in the conversion field. For example, such a combination might look like this: "400 micro + 1200 milli" or "56mm x 54cm x 22dm \u003d? Cm ^ 3". The units of measure thus combined should naturally correspond to each other and make sense in the given combination.

If you check the box next to the option "Numbers in a scientific record", the answer will be presented as an exponential function. For example, 7.716 049 312 5 × 1022. In this form, the representation of the number is divided by the exponent, here 22, and the actual number, here 7.716 049 312 5. In devices that have limited capabilities for displaying numbers (for example, pocket calculators), the method of writing numbers 7.716 049 312 5E + 22 is also used. In particular, it makes it easy to view very large and very small numbers. If this box is not checked, the result is displayed using the usual method of recording numbers. In the above example, it will look like this: 77 160 493 125 000 000 000 000. Regardless of the presentation of the result, the maximum accuracy of this calculator is 14 decimal places. Such accuracy should be enough for most purposes.

Length and distance converter Mass converter Volume converter for bulk solids and foodstuffs Area converter Volume and unit converter for food recipes Temperature converter Pressure, mechanical stress, Young's module Energy and work converter Power converter Power converter Power converter Time converter Linear speed converter Flat angle converter thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Converter of numbers in various number systems Converter of units of measurement of the amount of information and Exchange Rates Sizes of women's clothing and footwear Sizes of men's clothing and footwear Angular velocity and rotation speed converter Acceleration converter Angular acceleration converter Density converter Specific volume inertia converter Strength moment converter Torque converter Specific combustion heat (by mass) converter Energy density and specific heat of combustion of fuel (by volume) Converter of temperature difference Converter of coefficient of thermal expansion Converter of thermal resistance Con Specific thermal conductivity converter Specific heat converter Energy exposure and heat radiation converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Mass flow rate converter Mass flow rate converter Mass molar density converter Mass molar density converter Mass concentration converter in solution Dynamic viscosity converter Converting viscosity converter Absolute viscosity Surface Tension Converter Steam Steam Converter Integrity Converter for vapor permeability and steam transfer rate Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound pressure level (SPL) converter Sound pressure level converter with a choice of reference pressure Luminance converter Light intensity converter Illuminance converter Computer frequency resolution converter Frequency and wavelength converter Optical power in diopters and focal length Optical power in diopters and magnification of the lens (×) Electric charge converter Linear converter tnosti charge converter surface charge density converter volumetric charge density of the electric current converter converter linear current density converter surface current density converter electric field strength of converter electrostatic capacity and a voltage converter in electrical resistance converter electrical resistivity converter electric conductivity converter conductivity Electric capacitance converter inductance converter Ameri anskogo gauge wires levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV (dBV) Watts et al. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Converter for absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. Radioactivity. Radioactive Decay Converter Radiation. Exposure Converter Radiation. Absorbed Dose Converter Decimal Converters Converter Data Transfer Typography and Image Processing Unit Converter Timber Volume Unit Converter Calculation of Molar Mass Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D. I. Mendeleev

1 kilo [k] \u003d 1E-06 giga [g]

Initial value

Converted value

without prefix yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo gekto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yokto

Metric System and International System of Units (SI)

Introduction

In this article we will talk about the metric system and its history. We will see how and why it began and how it gradually turned into what we have today. We will also consider the SI system, which was developed on the basis of the metric system of measures.

For our ancestors, who lived in a world full of dangers, the ability to measure various quantities in their natural habitat allowed us to come closer to understanding the essence of natural phenomena, knowing their environment and gaining the ability to somehow influence what was surrounding them. That is why people tried to invent and improve various measurement systems. At the dawn of human development, having a measurement system was no less important than it is now. It was necessary to carry out various measurements during the construction of housing, sewing clothes of different sizes, cooking and, of course, trade and exchange could not do without measurement! Many believe that the creation and adoption of the International System of SI Units is the most serious achievement not only of science and technology, but of the development of mankind in general.

Early measurement systems

In the early systems of measures and number systems, people used traditional objects to measure and compare. For example, it is believed that the decimal system appeared due to the fact that we have ten fingers and toes. Our hands are always with us - that's why since ancient times people used (and still use) fingers to count. Nevertheless, we did not always use a base 10 system for counting, and the metric system is a relatively new invention. Each region has its own unit system, and although these systems have much in common, most systems are still so different that converting units from one system to another has always been a problem. This problem became more and more serious as trade between different nations developed.

The accuracy of the first systems of measures and weights depended directly on the size of the objects that surrounded the people who developed these systems. It is clear that the measurements were inaccurate, since the "measuring devices" did not have exact dimensions. For example, parts of the body were commonly used as a measure of length; mass and volume were measured using the volume and mass of seeds and other small objects, the sizes of which were more or less the same. Below we consider in more detail such units.

Length measures

In ancient Egypt, length was initially measured simply elbowsand later royal elbows. The elbow length was defined as the segment from the elbow bend to the end of the extended middle finger. Thus, the royal elbow was defined as the elbow of the reigning pharaoh. An exemplary elbow was created that was accessible to the general public so that everyone could manufacture their measures of length. This, of course, was an arbitrary unit that changed when the new reigning person occupied the throne. In Ancient Babylon, a similar system was used, but with slight differences.

The elbow was divided into smaller units: palm, hand, zerets   (ft) and you   (finger), which were represented by the width of the palm, hand (with thumb), foot and finger, respectively. At the same time, they decided to agree on how many fingers are in the palm of the hand (4), in the hand (5) and the elbow (28 in Egypt and 30 in Babylon). It was more convenient and more accurate than measuring ratios every time.

Mass and weight measures

Weight measures were also based on the parameters of various objects. As measures of weight were seeds, grains, beans and similar objects. A classic example of the unit of mass that is still in use is carat. Now carats measure the mass of precious stones and pearls, and once the weight of the seeds of a carob tree, otherwise called carob, was determined as a carat. The tree is cultivated in the Mediterranean, and its seeds are characterized by the constancy of mass, so it was convenient to use them as a measure of weight and mass. In different places, different seeds were used as small units of weight, while larger units were usually a multiple of smaller units. Archaeologists often find similar large measures of weight, usually made of stone. They consisted of 60, 100 and a different number of small units. Since there was no single standard for the number of small units, as well as for their weight, this led to conflicts when there were sellers and buyers who lived in different places.

Volume measures

Initially, volume was also measured using small objects. For example, the volume of a pot or jug \u200b\u200bwas determined by filling it to the top with small objects relative to the standard volume - like seeds. However, the lack of standardization led to the same problems in volume measurement as in mass measurement.

The evolution of various systems of measures

The ancient Greek system of measures was based on the ancient Egyptian and Babylonian, and the Romans created their system on the basis of the ancient Greek. Then with fire and sword, and, of course, as a result of trade, these systems spread throughout Europe. It should be noted that here we are talking only about the most common systems. But there were many other systems of measures and weights, because exchange and trade were necessary for absolutely everyone. If in this area there was no written language or it was not customary to record the results of the exchange, then we can only guess how these people measured volume and weight.

There are many regional options for weighting systems. This is due to their independent development and the influence of other systems on them as a result of trade and conquest. Different systems were not only in different countries, but often within the same country, where in each trading city they had their own, because local rulers did not want unification in order to maintain their power. With the development of travel, trade, industry and science, many countries have sought to unify the systems of measures and weights, at least in the territories of their countries.

Already in the XIII century, and possibly earlier, scientists and philosophers discussed the creation of a unified system of measurements. However, only after the French Revolution and the subsequent colonization of various regions of the world by France and other European countries, which already had their own systems of measures and weights, a new system was developed, adopted in most countries of the world. This new system was decimal metric system. It was based on base 10, that is, for any physical quantity, there was one basic unit, and all other units could be formed in a standard way using decimal prefixes. Each such fractional or multiple unit could be divided into ten smaller units, and these smaller units, in turn, could be divided into 10 even smaller units, and so on.

As we know, most of the early measurement systems were not based on base 10. The convenience of the base 10 system is that the familiar number system has the same base, which allows you to quickly and conveniently convert from smaller units to simple and familiar rules. large and vice versa. Many scientists believe that the choice of ten as the base of the number system is arbitrary and associated only with the fact that we have ten fingers and if we had a different number of fingers, we would probably use a different number system.

Metric system

At the dawn of the development of the metric system, human-made prototypes were used as measures of length and weight, as in previous systems. The metric system has evolved from a system based on material standards and a dependence on their accuracy to a system based on natural phenomena and fundamental physical constants. For example, the unit of time second was initially defined as part of the tropical 1900 year. The disadvantage of this definition was the impossibility of experimental verification of this constant in subsequent years. Therefore, the second was redefined as a certain number of radiation periods corresponding to the transition between two ultrathin levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 radioactive atom, which is at rest at 0 K. The unit of distance, meter, was associated with the wavelength of the radiation spectrum line of the krypton-86 isotope, but later The meter was redefined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum over a period of time equal to 1/299 792 458 seconds.

Based on the metric system, the International System of Units (SI) was created. It should be noted that traditionally the metric system includes units of mass, length and time, however, in the SI system the number of base units is expanded to seven. We will discuss them below.

International System of Units (SI)

The International System of Units (SI) has seven basic units for measuring basic quantities (mass, time, length, light intensity, amount of matter, electric current, thermodynamic temperature). it kilogram   (kg) for measuring mass second   (c) for measuring time, meter   (m) for measuring distance candela   (cd) for measuring luminous intensity, mole   (mole reduction) to measure the amount of substance ampere   (A) for measuring electric current, and kelvin   (K) for measuring temperature.

Currently, only a kilogram still has a human-made standard, while the remaining units are based on universal physical constants or on natural phenomena. This is convenient because the physical constant or natural phenomena on which the units of measurement are based are easy to check at any time; In addition, there is no danger of loss or damage to the standards. Also, there is no need to create copies of the standards to ensure their availability in different parts of the world. This eliminates errors related to the accuracy of making copies of physical objects, and thus provides greater accuracy.

Decimal prefixes

To form multiple and fractional units that differ from the base units of the SI system by a certain integer number of times, which is a power of ten, it uses prefixes attached to the name of the base unit. The following is a list of all the prefixes currently in use and the decimal factors that they represent:

For example, 5 gigameters is equal to 5,000,000,000 meters, while 3 microchandels are equal to 0.00,0003 candelas. It is interesting to note that, despite the presence of a prefix in a kilogram unit, it is the basic SI unit. Therefore, the above prefixes are applied with a gram, as if it is a basic unit.

At the time of this writing, there are only three countries that have not adopted the SI system: the United States, Liberia, and Myanmar. In Canada and the UK, traditional units are still widely used, despite the fact that the SI system in these countries is the official system of units. It is enough to go to the store and see the price tags per pound of goods (it’s cheaper!), Or try to buy building materials measured in meters and kilograms. Will not work! Not to mention the packaging of goods, where everything is signed in grams, kilograms and liters, but not in whole, but converted from pounds, ounces, pints and quarts. The space for milk in refrigerators is also calculated on a half gallon or gallon, and not on a liter milk package.

Do you have difficulty translating units from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post your question to TCTerms   and within a few minutes you will receive a response.

Calculations for the conversion of units in the converter Decimal Converters»Performed using unitconversion.org functions.

Length and distance converter Mass converter Volume converter for bulk solids and foodstuffs Area converter Volume and unit converter for food recipes Temperature converter Pressure, mechanical stress, Young's module Energy and work converter Power converter Power converter Power converter Time converter Linear speed converter Flat angle converter thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Converter of numbers in various number systems Converter of units of measurement of the amount of information and Exchange Rates Sizes of women's clothing and footwear Sizes of men's clothing and footwear Angular velocity and rotation speed converter Acceleration converter Angular acceleration converter Density converter Specific volume inertia converter Strength moment converter Torque converter Specific combustion heat (by mass) converter Energy density and specific heat of combustion of fuel (by volume) Converter of temperature difference Converter of coefficient of thermal expansion Converter of thermal resistance Con Specific thermal conductivity converter Specific heat converter Energy exposure and heat radiation converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Mass flow rate converter Mass flow rate converter Mass molar density converter Mass molar density converter Mass concentration converter in solution Dynamic viscosity converter Converting viscosity converter Absolute viscosity Surface Tension Converter Steam Steam Converter Integrity Converter for vapor permeability and steam transfer rate Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound pressure level (SPL) converter Sound pressure level converter with a choice of reference pressure Luminance converter Light intensity converter Illuminance converter Computer frequency resolution converter Frequency and wavelength converter Optical power in diopters and focal length Optical power in diopters and magnification of the lens (×) Electric charge converter Linear converter tnosti charge converter surface charge density converter volumetric charge density of the electric current converter converter linear current density converter surface current density converter electric field strength of converter electrostatic capacity and a voltage converter in electrical resistance converter electrical resistivity converter electric conductivity converter conductivity Electric capacitance converter inductance converter Ameri anskogo gauge wires levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV (dBV) Watts et al. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Converter for absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. Radioactivity. Radioactive Decay Converter Radiation. Exposure Converter Radiation. Absorbed Dose Converter Decimal Converters Converter Data Transfer Typography and Image Processing Unit Converter Timber Volume Unit Converter Calculation of Molar Mass Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D. I. Mendeleev

1 mega [M] \u003d 0.001 giga [G]

Initial value

Converted value

without prefix yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo gekto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yokto

Metric System and International System of Units (SI)

Introduction

In this article we will talk about the metric system and its history. We will see how and why it began and how it gradually turned into what we have today. We will also consider the SI system, which was developed on the basis of the metric system of measures.

For our ancestors, who lived in a world full of dangers, the ability to measure various quantities in their natural habitat allowed us to come closer to understanding the essence of natural phenomena, knowing their environment and gaining the ability to somehow influence what was surrounding them. That is why people tried to invent and improve various measurement systems. At the dawn of human development, having a measurement system was no less important than it is now. It was necessary to carry out various measurements during the construction of housing, sewing clothes of different sizes, cooking and, of course, trade and exchange could not do without measurement! Many believe that the creation and adoption of the International System of SI Units is the most serious achievement not only of science and technology, but of the development of mankind in general.

Early measurement systems

In the early systems of measures and number systems, people used traditional objects to measure and compare. For example, it is believed that the decimal system appeared due to the fact that we have ten fingers and toes. Our hands are always with us - that's why since ancient times people used (and still use) fingers to count. Nevertheless, we did not always use a base 10 system for counting, and the metric system is a relatively new invention. Each region has its own unit system, and although these systems have much in common, most systems are still so different that converting units from one system to another has always been a problem. This problem became more and more serious as trade between different nations developed.

The accuracy of the first systems of measures and weights depended directly on the size of the objects that surrounded the people who developed these systems. It is clear that the measurements were inaccurate, since the "measuring devices" did not have exact dimensions. For example, parts of the body were commonly used as a measure of length; mass and volume were measured using the volume and mass of seeds and other small objects, the sizes of which were more or less the same. Below we consider in more detail such units.

Length measures

In ancient Egypt, length was initially measured simply elbowsand later royal elbows. The elbow length was defined as the segment from the elbow bend to the end of the extended middle finger. Thus, the royal elbow was defined as the elbow of the reigning pharaoh. An exemplary elbow was created that was accessible to the general public so that everyone could manufacture their measures of length. This, of course, was an arbitrary unit that changed when the new reigning person occupied the throne. In Ancient Babylon, a similar system was used, but with slight differences.

The elbow was divided into smaller units: palm, hand, zerets   (ft) and you   (finger), which were represented by the width of the palm, hand (with thumb), foot and finger, respectively. At the same time, they decided to agree on how many fingers are in the palm of the hand (4), in the hand (5) and the elbow (28 in Egypt and 30 in Babylon). It was more convenient and more accurate than measuring ratios every time.

Mass and weight measures

Weight measures were also based on the parameters of various objects. As measures of weight were seeds, grains, beans and similar objects. A classic example of the unit of mass that is still in use is carat. Now carats measure the mass of precious stones and pearls, and once the weight of the seeds of a carob tree, otherwise called carob, was determined as a carat. The tree is cultivated in the Mediterranean, and its seeds are characterized by the constancy of mass, so it was convenient to use them as a measure of weight and mass. In different places, different seeds were used as small units of weight, while larger units were usually a multiple of smaller units. Archaeologists often find similar large measures of weight, usually made of stone. They consisted of 60, 100 and a different number of small units. Since there was no single standard for the number of small units, as well as for their weight, this led to conflicts when there were sellers and buyers who lived in different places.

Volume measures

Initially, volume was also measured using small objects. For example, the volume of a pot or jug \u200b\u200bwas determined by filling it to the top with small objects relative to the standard volume - like seeds. However, the lack of standardization led to the same problems in volume measurement as in mass measurement.

The evolution of various systems of measures

The ancient Greek system of measures was based on the ancient Egyptian and Babylonian, and the Romans created their system on the basis of the ancient Greek. Then with fire and sword, and, of course, as a result of trade, these systems spread throughout Europe. It should be noted that here we are talking only about the most common systems. But there were many other systems of measures and weights, because exchange and trade were necessary for absolutely everyone. If in this area there was no written language or it was not customary to record the results of the exchange, then we can only guess how these people measured volume and weight.

There are many regional options for weighting systems. This is due to their independent development and the influence of other systems on them as a result of trade and conquest. Different systems were not only in different countries, but often within the same country, where in each trading city they had their own, because local rulers did not want unification in order to maintain their power. With the development of travel, trade, industry and science, many countries have sought to unify the systems of measures and weights, at least in the territories of their countries.

Already in the XIII century, and possibly earlier, scientists and philosophers discussed the creation of a unified system of measurements. However, only after the French Revolution and the subsequent colonization of various regions of the world by France and other European countries, which already had their own systems of measures and weights, a new system was developed, adopted in most countries of the world. This new system was decimal metric system. It was based on base 10, that is, for any physical quantity, there was one basic unit, and all other units could be formed in a standard way using decimal prefixes. Each such fractional or multiple unit could be divided into ten smaller units, and these smaller units, in turn, could be divided into 10 even smaller units, and so on.

As we know, most of the early measurement systems were not based on base 10. The convenience of the base 10 system is that the familiar number system has the same base, which allows you to quickly and conveniently convert from smaller units to simple and familiar rules. large and vice versa. Many scientists believe that the choice of ten as the base of the number system is arbitrary and associated only with the fact that we have ten fingers and if we had a different number of fingers, we would probably use a different number system.

Metric system

At the dawn of the development of the metric system, human-made prototypes were used as measures of length and weight, as in previous systems. The metric system has evolved from a system based on material standards and a dependence on their accuracy to a system based on natural phenomena and fundamental physical constants. For example, the unit of time second was initially defined as part of the tropical 1900 year. The disadvantage of this definition was the impossibility of experimental verification of this constant in subsequent years. Therefore, the second was redefined as a certain number of radiation periods corresponding to the transition between two ultrathin levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 radioactive atom, which is at rest at 0 K. The unit of distance, meter, was associated with the wavelength of the radiation spectrum line of the krypton-86 isotope, but later The meter was redefined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum over a period of time equal to 1/299 792 458 seconds.

Based on the metric system, the International System of Units (SI) was created. It should be noted that traditionally the metric system includes units of mass, length and time, however, in the SI system the number of base units is expanded to seven. We will discuss them below.

International System of Units (SI)

The International System of Units (SI) has seven basic units for measuring basic quantities (mass, time, length, light intensity, amount of matter, electric current, thermodynamic temperature). it kilogram   (kg) for measuring mass second   (c) for measuring time, meter   (m) for measuring distance candela   (cd) for measuring luminous intensity, mole   (mole reduction) to measure the amount of substance ampere   (A) for measuring electric current, and kelvin   (K) for measuring temperature.

Currently, only a kilogram still has a human-made standard, while the remaining units are based on universal physical constants or on natural phenomena. This is convenient because the physical constant or natural phenomena on which the units of measurement are based are easy to check at any time; In addition, there is no danger of loss or damage to the standards. Also, there is no need to create copies of the standards to ensure their availability in different parts of the world. This eliminates errors related to the accuracy of making copies of physical objects, and thus provides greater accuracy.

Decimal prefixes

To form multiple and fractional units that differ from the base units of the SI system by a certain integer number of times, which is a power of ten, it uses prefixes attached to the name of the base unit. The following is a list of all the prefixes currently in use and the decimal factors that they represent:

For example, 5 gigameters is equal to 5,000,000,000 meters, while 3 microchandels are equal to 0.00,0003 candelas. It is interesting to note that, despite the presence of a prefix in a kilogram unit, it is the basic SI unit. Therefore, the above prefixes are applied with a gram, as if it is a basic unit.

At the time of this writing, there are only three countries that have not adopted the SI system: the United States, Liberia, and Myanmar. In Canada and the UK, traditional units are still widely used, despite the fact that the SI system in these countries is the official system of units. It is enough to go to the store and see the price tags per pound of goods (it’s cheaper!), Or try to buy building materials measured in meters and kilograms. Will not work! Not to mention the packaging of goods, where everything is signed in grams, kilograms and liters, but not in whole, but converted from pounds, ounces, pints and quarts. The space for milk in refrigerators is also calculated on a half gallon or gallon, and not on a liter milk package.

Do you have difficulty translating units from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post your question to TCTerms   and within a few minutes you will receive a response.

Calculations for the conversion of units in the converter Decimal Converters»Performed using unitconversion.org functions.

Length and distance converter Mass converter Volume converter for bulk solids and foodstuffs Area converter Volume and unit converter for food recipes Temperature converter Pressure, mechanical stress, Young's module Energy and work converter Power converter Power converter Power converter Time converter Linear speed converter Flat angle converter thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Converter of numbers in various number systems Converter of units of measurement of the amount of information and Exchange Rates Sizes of women's clothing and footwear Sizes of men's clothing and footwear Angular velocity and rotation speed converter Acceleration converter Angular acceleration converter Density converter Specific volume inertia converter Strength moment converter Torque converter Specific combustion heat (by mass) converter Energy density and specific heat of combustion of fuel (by volume) Converter of temperature difference Converter of coefficient of thermal expansion Converter of thermal resistance Con Specific thermal conductivity converter Specific heat converter Energy exposure and heat radiation converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Mass flow rate converter Mass flow rate converter Mass molar density converter Mass molar density converter Mass concentration converter in solution Dynamic viscosity converter Converting viscosity converter Absolute viscosity Surface Tension Converter Steam Steam Converter Integrity Converter for vapor permeability and steam transfer rate Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound pressure level (SPL) converter Sound pressure level converter with a choice of reference pressure Luminance converter Light intensity converter Illuminance converter Computer frequency resolution converter Frequency and wavelength converter Optical power in diopters and focal length Optical power in diopters and magnification of the lens (×) Electric charge converter Linear converter tnosti charge converter surface charge density converter volumetric charge density of the electric current converter converter linear current density converter surface current density converter electric field strength of converter electrostatic capacity and a voltage converter in electrical resistance converter electrical resistivity converter electric conductivity converter conductivity Electric capacitance converter inductance converter Ameri anskogo gauge wires levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV (dBV) Watts et al. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Converter for absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. Radioactivity. Radioactive Decay Converter Radiation. Exposure Converter Radiation. Absorbed Dose Converter Decimal Converters Converter Data Transfer Typography and Image Processing Unit Converter Timber Volume Unit Converter Calculation of Molar Mass Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D. I. Mendeleev

1 kilo [k] \u003d 0.001 mega [M]

Initial value

Converted value

without prefix yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo gekto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yokto

Metric System and International System of Units (SI)

Introduction

In this article we will talk about the metric system and its history. We will see how and why it began and how it gradually turned into what we have today. We will also consider the SI system, which was developed on the basis of the metric system of measures.

For our ancestors, who lived in a world full of dangers, the ability to measure various quantities in their natural habitat allowed us to come closer to understanding the essence of natural phenomena, knowing their environment and gaining the ability to somehow influence what was surrounding them. That is why people tried to invent and improve various measurement systems. At the dawn of human development, having a measurement system was no less important than it is now. It was necessary to carry out various measurements during the construction of housing, sewing clothes of different sizes, cooking and, of course, trade and exchange could not do without measurement! Many believe that the creation and adoption of the International System of SI Units is the most serious achievement not only of science and technology, but of the development of mankind in general.

Early measurement systems

In the early systems of measures and number systems, people used traditional objects to measure and compare. For example, it is believed that the decimal system appeared due to the fact that we have ten fingers and toes. Our hands are always with us - that's why since ancient times people used (and still use) fingers to count. Nevertheless, we did not always use a base 10 system for counting, and the metric system is a relatively new invention. Each region has its own unit system, and although these systems have much in common, most systems are still so different that converting units from one system to another has always been a problem. This problem became more and more serious as trade between different nations developed.

The accuracy of the first systems of measures and weights depended directly on the size of the objects that surrounded the people who developed these systems. It is clear that the measurements were inaccurate, since the "measuring devices" did not have exact dimensions. For example, parts of the body were commonly used as a measure of length; mass and volume were measured using the volume and mass of seeds and other small objects, the sizes of which were more or less the same. Below we consider in more detail such units.

Length measures

In ancient Egypt, length was initially measured simply elbowsand later royal elbows. The elbow length was defined as the segment from the elbow bend to the end of the extended middle finger. Thus, the royal elbow was defined as the elbow of the reigning pharaoh. An exemplary elbow was created that was accessible to the general public so that everyone could manufacture their measures of length. This, of course, was an arbitrary unit that changed when the new reigning person occupied the throne. In Ancient Babylon, a similar system was used, but with slight differences.

The elbow was divided into smaller units: palm, hand, zerets   (ft) and you   (finger), which were represented by the width of the palm, hand (with thumb), foot and finger, respectively. At the same time, they decided to agree on how many fingers are in the palm of the hand (4), in the hand (5) and the elbow (28 in Egypt and 30 in Babylon). It was more convenient and more accurate than measuring ratios every time.

Mass and weight measures

Weight measures were also based on the parameters of various objects. As measures of weight were seeds, grains, beans and similar objects. A classic example of the unit of mass that is still in use is carat. Now carats measure the mass of precious stones and pearls, and once the weight of the seeds of a carob tree, otherwise called carob, was determined as a carat. The tree is cultivated in the Mediterranean, and its seeds are characterized by the constancy of mass, so it was convenient to use them as a measure of weight and mass. In different places, different seeds were used as small units of weight, while larger units were usually a multiple of smaller units. Archaeologists often find similar large measures of weight, usually made of stone. They consisted of 60, 100 and a different number of small units. Since there was no single standard for the number of small units, as well as for their weight, this led to conflicts when there were sellers and buyers who lived in different places.

Volume measures

Initially, volume was also measured using small objects. For example, the volume of a pot or jug \u200b\u200bwas determined by filling it to the top with small objects relative to the standard volume - like seeds. However, the lack of standardization led to the same problems in volume measurement as in mass measurement.

The evolution of various systems of measures

The ancient Greek system of measures was based on the ancient Egyptian and Babylonian, and the Romans created their system on the basis of the ancient Greek. Then with fire and sword, and, of course, as a result of trade, these systems spread throughout Europe. It should be noted that here we are talking only about the most common systems. But there were many other systems of measures and weights, because exchange and trade were necessary for absolutely everyone. If in this area there was no written language or it was not customary to record the results of the exchange, then we can only guess how these people measured volume and weight.

There are many regional options for weighting systems. This is due to their independent development and the influence of other systems on them as a result of trade and conquest. Different systems were not only in different countries, but often within the same country, where in each trading city they had their own, because local rulers did not want unification in order to maintain their power. With the development of travel, trade, industry and science, many countries have sought to unify the systems of measures and weights, at least in the territories of their countries.

Already in the XIII century, and possibly earlier, scientists and philosophers discussed the creation of a unified system of measurements. However, only after the French Revolution and the subsequent colonization of various regions of the world by France and other European countries, which already had their own systems of measures and weights, a new system was developed, adopted in most countries of the world. This new system was decimal metric system. It was based on base 10, that is, for any physical quantity, there was one basic unit, and all other units could be formed in a standard way using decimal prefixes. Each such fractional or multiple unit could be divided into ten smaller units, and these smaller units, in turn, could be divided into 10 even smaller units, and so on.

As we know, most of the early measurement systems were not based on base 10. The convenience of the base 10 system is that the familiar number system has the same base, which allows you to quickly and conveniently convert from smaller units to simple and familiar rules. large and vice versa. Many scientists believe that the choice of ten as the base of the number system is arbitrary and associated only with the fact that we have ten fingers and if we had a different number of fingers, we would probably use a different number system.

Metric system

At the dawn of the development of the metric system, human-made prototypes were used as measures of length and weight, as in previous systems. The metric system has evolved from a system based on material standards and a dependence on their accuracy to a system based on natural phenomena and fundamental physical constants. For example, the unit of time second was initially defined as part of the tropical 1900 year. The disadvantage of this definition was the impossibility of experimental verification of this constant in subsequent years. Therefore, the second was redefined as a certain number of radiation periods corresponding to the transition between two ultrathin levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 radioactive atom, which is at rest at 0 K. The unit of distance, meter, was associated with the wavelength of the radiation spectrum line of the krypton-86 isotope, but later The meter was redefined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum over a period of time equal to 1/299 792 458 seconds.

Based on the metric system, the International System of Units (SI) was created. It should be noted that traditionally the metric system includes units of mass, length and time, however, in the SI system the number of base units is expanded to seven. We will discuss them below.

International System of Units (SI)

The International System of Units (SI) has seven basic units for measuring basic quantities (mass, time, length, light intensity, amount of matter, electric current, thermodynamic temperature). it kilogram   (kg) for measuring mass second   (c) for measuring time, meter   (m) for measuring distance candela   (cd) for measuring luminous intensity, mole   (mole reduction) to measure the amount of substance ampere   (A) for measuring electric current, and kelvin   (K) for measuring temperature.

Currently, only a kilogram still has a human-made standard, while the remaining units are based on universal physical constants or on natural phenomena. This is convenient because the physical constant or natural phenomena on which the units of measurement are based are easy to check at any time; In addition, there is no danger of loss or damage to the standards. Also, there is no need to create copies of the standards to ensure their availability in different parts of the world. This eliminates errors related to the accuracy of making copies of physical objects, and thus provides greater accuracy.

Decimal prefixes

To form multiple and fractional units that differ from the base units of the SI system by a certain integer number of times, which is a power of ten, it uses prefixes attached to the name of the base unit. The following is a list of all the prefixes currently in use and the decimal factors that they represent:

For example, 5 gigameters is equal to 5,000,000,000 meters, while 3 microchandels are equal to 0.00,0003 candelas. It is interesting to note that, despite the presence of a prefix in a kilogram unit, it is the basic SI unit. Therefore, the above prefixes are applied with a gram, as if it is a basic unit.

At the time of this writing, there are only three countries that have not adopted the SI system: the United States, Liberia, and Myanmar. In Canada and the UK, traditional units are still widely used, despite the fact that the SI system in these countries is the official system of units. It is enough to go to the store and see the price tags per pound of goods (it’s cheaper!), Or try to buy building materials measured in meters and kilograms. Will not work! Not to mention the packaging of goods, where everything is signed in grams, kilograms and liters, but not in whole, but converted from pounds, ounces, pints and quarts. The space for milk in refrigerators is also calculated on a half gallon or gallon, and not on a liter milk package.

Do you have difficulty translating units from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post your question to TCTerms   and within a few minutes you will receive a response.

Calculations for the conversion of units in the converter Decimal Converters»Performed using unitconversion.org functions.

  (SI), however, their use is not limited to SI, and many of them go back to the moment the metric system appeared (1790s).

The requirements for units used in the Russian Federation are established by the Federal Law of June 26, 2008 N 102-ФЗ “On ensuring the uniformity of measurements”. The law, in particular, determines that the names of units of quantities allowed for use in the Russian Federation, their designations, writing rules, and also the rules for their application are established by the Government of the Russian Federation. In development of this norm, on October 31, 2009, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted the “Regulation on Units of Quantities Permitted for Use in the Russian Federation”, in Appendix No. 5 to which decimal factors, prefixes and prefixes for the formation of multiple and fractional units of values \u200b\u200bare given. The same annex contains the rules for consoles and their designations. In addition, the use of SI in Russia is regulated by the standard GOST 8.417-2002.

With the exception of specially stipulated cases, the "Regulation on units of quantities allowed for use in the Russian Federation" allows the use of both Russian and international designations of units, but prohibits, however, their simultaneous use.

Consoles for multiple units

Multiple units - units that are an integer number of times (10 to some extent) exceed the basic unit of measure of some physical quantity. The International System of Units (SI) recommends the following decimal prefixes for the designation of multiple units:

Applying decimal prefixes to information quantity units

The Regulation on units permitted for use in the Russian Federation establishes that the name and designation of the unit of information quantity “bytes” (1 byte \u003d 8 bits) are used with the binary prefixes “Kilo”, “Mega”, “Giga”, which correspond to multipliers 2 10, 2 20 and 2 30 (1 KB \u003d 1024 bytes, 1 MB \u003d 1024 KB, 1 GB \u003d 1024 MB).

The same Regulation allows the use of the international designation of an information unit with the prefixes "K" "M" "G" (KB, MB, GB, Kbyte, Mbyte, Gbyte).

In programming and the computer industry, the same prefixes “kilo”, “mega”, “giga”, “tera”, etc., if applied to quantities that are multiples of powers of two (eg, bytes), can mean both the multiplicity of 1000 and 1024 \u003d 2 10. What kind of system is used is sometimes clear from the context (for example, the multiplicity of 1024 is used with respect to the amount of RAM, and the multiplicity of 1000 is applied to the total amount of hard disk space.

To avoid confusion, in April 1999, the International Electrotechnical Commission introduced a new standard for naming binary numbers (see Binary Prefixes).

Prefixes for fractional units

Share units   make up a certain proportion (part) of the established unit of measure of a certain value. The International System of Units (SI) recommends the following prefixes for the designation of fractional units:

Origin of consoles

Prefixes were introduced in SI gradually. In 1960, the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) adopted a number of names of prefixes and corresponding symbols for factors ranging from 10 −12 to 10 12. The prefixes for 10–15 and 10–18 were added by the XII CGPM in 1964, and for the 10 15 and 10 18 - XV the CGPM in 1975. The latest addition to the list of prefixes took place at the XIX CGPM in 1991, when they were adopted prefixes for the factors 10 −24, 10 −21, 10 21 and 10 24.

Most prefixes are derived from the words of the ancient Greek language. Deca - from other Greek δέκα   "Ten", hecto- from other Greek. ἑκατόν   “One hundred,” kilo from dr. Greek. χίλιοι   "Thousand", mega from other Greek. μέγας , that is, "big", gigabyte - this is other Greek. γίγας   - “giant”, and tera - from other Greek. τέρας , which means "monster." Peta- (other Greek πέντε ) and exa (dr. Greek. ἕξ ) correspond to five and six digits in a thousand and are translated, respectively, as “five” and “six”. Share micro- (from other Greek μικρός ) and nano- (from other Greek νᾶνος ) are translated as “small” and “dwarf”. From one word dr. ὀκτώ (októ), meaning "eight," the prefixes Iotta (1000 8) and Iocto (1/1000 8) are formed.

As the "thousand" is translated and the prefix milli, ascending to lat. mille. Santi prefixes also have Latin roots - from centum   ("One hundred") and deci - from decimus   ("Tenth"), zeta - from septem   ("seven"). Zepto ("seven") comes from lat. septem or from fr. sept.

Atto prefix is \u200b\u200bformed from dates. atten ("eighteen"). Femto dates back to. and norv. femten or to other scand. fimmtān and means fifteen.

The name "pico" comes from Ital. piccolo - small