Generations of digital information processing devices. “Digital Information Processing Devices: Digital Camera” - Lesson

What are these digital information processing devices? Digital devices are devices for processing information presented in a form accessible to a computer. These are: touch screens scanners cameras video cameras mobile phones web cameras document cameras projectors wireless data transmission systems video surveillance

Camcorders Camcorder is an electronic filming apparatus, a device for obtaining optical images of captured objects on a photosensitive element, adapted to record or transmit moving images to television broadcasts. It is usually equipped with a microphone for recording sound in parallel.

Webcams A webcam (also a webcam) is a digital video or camera capable of real-time capture of images intended for further transmission over the Internet (in programs such as Instant Messenger or in any other video application).

Projectors A projector is a light device that redistributes the light of a lamp with a concentration of light flux on a surface of small size or in small volume. Projectors are mainly optical-mechanical or optical-digital devices, which allow using a light source to project images of objects on a surface located outside the device screen.

Bluetooth wireless devices provide the exchange of information between devices such as handheld and ordinary personal computers, mobile phones, laptops, printers, digital cameras, mice, keyboards, joysticks, headsets, headsets with a reliable, inexpensive, universally available radio frequency for short-distance communications.

GPRS wireless data devices (General Packet Radio Service General Packet Radio Service) are an add-on to GSM mobile communication technology that provides packet data transmission. GPRS allows the user of a cellular network to exchange data with other devices in the GSM network and with external networks, including the Internet. GPRS involves charging according to the amount of transmitted / received information, and not the time spent online.

Wireless data devices Allows you to deploy a network without laying a cable, can reduce the cost of deployment and expansion of the network. Places where it is impossible to lay the cable, for example, outdoors and in buildings of historical value, can be served by wireless networks. Unlike cell phones, Wi-Fi equipment can work in different countries around the world. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity “Wireless Precision”) is a standard for Wireless LAN equipment.

Video surveillance Video surveillance (closed circuit television, CCTV closed-circuit television) is a process carried out using optoelectronic devices designed for visual inspection or automatic image analysis (automatic recognition of persons, state numbers).

Digital Information Processing Devices Author: Dmitry Tarasov, 2009

Lesson topic:“Digital information processing devices: digital camera”

The purpose of the lesson:

To create conditions for the formation of students' ideas about the types and purpose of digital devices for processing information;

Develop information processing skills using various devices;

To cultivate a caring attitude to computer technology, the implementation of the rules of safe behavior.

Students should know:

Possibilities of using digital cameras.

Lesson provision:

presentation "Digital Camera";

multimedia projector and screen;

digital camera;

DURING THE CLASSES:

Organizing time.

Greeting, organization of students for joint effective activities.

Explanation of the new material.

Q.   What are the most common digital information processing devices you know ?:

Today we look at digital cameras. You will study the material as follows: each of you will draw out a task card and study the material. Then, according to the card numbers, you will form into groups (pairs), together discuss the material and choose a way to convey it to the rest. At the end of the lesson, we should form an idea with you about a digital camera as a means of processing and transmitting information to a computer according to the following plan:

General view, component parts.

Merits.

Additional features.

Information storage methods

Communication with PC and other devices.

Card number 1

General view, components:

Basically, the digital camera device repeats the analog design. Their main difference is in the photosensitive element on which the image is formed: in analog cameras it is a film, in digital cameras it is a matrix. Light through the lens enters the matrix, where a picture is formed, which is then recorded in memory. The camera consists of two main parts - the body and lens. The case contains a matrix, a shutter (mechanical or electronic, and sometimes both at once), a processor, and controls. A lens, removable or rigidly mounted, consists of a group of lenses housed in a plastic or metal housing.

Card number 2

Advantages

Visibility and efficiency. When shooting with the “number”, you see the result immediately after pressing the shutter button.

Profitability. The price of a digital camera is reduced to the level of the price of a conventional film camera. It is also necessary to take into account the cost of consumables (films, reagents, etc.)

Compactness. The small size of the camera is one of the most important criteria for an amateur photographer.

Independence, reliability, ease of storage. No dependence on the master in printing photos, longer shelf life.

Additional features. Modern digital cameras often have a number of additional features that are fundamentally inaccessible to film counterparts. Among them, for example, video recording, panorama shooting mode or recording audio comments. In addition, special image processing algorithms implemented in the camera software make it possible to partially replace such traditional photographic tools as, for example, filters and films for different types of lighting.

Digital processing.

Print. Almost all modern digital cameras and printers support PictBridge protocol, which provides direct data exchange between the camera and the printing device.

Card number 3

Additional features

High-speed shooting. High-speed shooting is a mode in which the camera takes frames not one at a time, as usual, but in series - in the hope that at least one frame in the series will turn out successful.

Autofocus bracketing (plug) (exposure, white balance, flash). This is a special mode in which the camera takes several (usually 3) shots in a row with a variation of one or another parameter.

Panorama shooting ("stitch assist"). This function is used to facilitate panoramic shooting. A panorama is a series of frames taken with some horizontal or vertical displacement, and subsequently “glued” on a computer into one large image.

Macro shot. The macro function (macro mode) is a special autofocus mode in which focusing on very close objects becomes possible.

Orientation sensor. Many cameras have a so-called position or orientation sensor. The essence of its work is simple: at the time of shooting, the sensor determines whether the camera is in normal or portrait position (rotated 90 degrees). If the portrait position is fixed, then after the shutter is released, two options are possible (depending on the manufacturer of the device). Either the file is recorded “as is”, but a special note about “portraiture” is made in its header, or the necessary rotation by 90 degrees is performed by the camera processor, and the frame is immediately written, “as it should.”

Voice comments on pictures. Some cameras allow you to accompany the shots just shot with brief voice comments. For all the apparent pretentiousness, this is a pretty useful feature. For example, during a tour of an unfamiliar city, a photographer can note which attraction he has just photographed, and in the future this will greatly facilitate the analysis of the footage.

Video. Almost all digital cameras (except SLR) on the market allow you to shoot videos.

Special effects. Almost all devices have a special feature set of special effects (or so-called filters). Among them, usually there is discarding color information (monochrome image), “sepia”, increasing or decreasing color intensity, etc.

Card number 4

Ways to store information.

a) The internal memory of the camera (usually very small, allows you to store up to 10 photos)

b) Flash memory or memory cards

At the moment, among the formats of flash memory, there are three unconditional leaders - these are Secure Digital, CompactFlash and Memory Stick.

Secure Digital is a standard created by the alliance of SanDisk, Matsushita Electric (Panasonic) and Toshiba. The physical dimensions of the module are quite small and amount to 24x32x1.4 mm, which allows the use of this type of memory in supercompact cameras. In addition, the standard provides protection against unauthorized copying (which allows you to publish, for example, books), as well as protection against accidental overwriting (there is a mechanical switch on the memory module). According to 2004 data, Secure Digital is the most popular format on the market.

Secure Digital Memory Module

The CompactFlash standard created by SanDisk provides two types of modules (Type I and Type II), which differ in thickness. Card sizes are 42.8 x 36.4 x 3.3 mm and 42.8 x 36.4 x 5 mm, respectively. CompactFlash is the least compact of all formats, but in addition to memory, it produces a huge number of different peripherals for handheld computers: modems, GPS modules, WiFi and Bluetooth adapters, etc. In addition, IBM / Hitachi Microdrive and Sony Microdrive miniature hard drives from 2 to 4 GB are also available in this format (a 6-GB drive from Western Digital is also expected). However, the feasibility of acquiring compact hard drives (in light of the landslide drop in prices for flash memory) is rather doubtful.

CompactFlash memory module

Memory Stick is the copyright of Sony. This format has two basic body types - Memory Stick and Memory Stick Duo. The first has dimensions of 50x21.5x2.8 mm, the second - 31x20x1.6 mm. In the same form factors, there are also high-speed modifications with the ability to address more than 128 MB. They are indicated by the Pro index (Memory Stick Pro and Memory Stick Pro Duo, respectively).

Memory Stick Pro

Secure Digital and CompactFlash are open standards, free of any license fees. Memory Stick is a closed and licensed standard, so outside of Sony’s products it’s not widely distributed. Modules of this format are almost twice as expensive as the rest, since license fees (royalties) are included in their price.

Other types of memory are also on the market (for example, the xD standard, developed not so long ago by Olympus and Fujifilm), the outdated MMC and SmartMedia standards, etc. However, they are much less common, and we will not dwell on them in detail.

Card No.5

Interface with computer and printer

The camera is connected to the computer to copy the footage from the flash memory, as well as, if necessary, to update the camera software (“firmware”). A connection to a printer is obviously necessary for direct printing from a camera using PictBridge protocol.

The vast majority of cameras connect to a computer or printer via USB (Universal Serial Bus). To do this (on the camera side), either a standard mini-B connector or a non-standard proprietary one is used. Obviously, the first option is somewhat preferable, because "in which case" you can easily buy a standard cable in any store for symbolic money, while you will have to run a branded cable (and it will cost much more).

At the moment, two versions of the USB standard are common: 1.1 and newer 2.0. The first provides a bandwidth of 12 Mbit / s, the second - 480 Mbit / s. Accordingly, if you use fast enough flash memory, a USB 2.0 interface will be preferable. However, you can always remove the memory from the camera and use an external device for reading flash cards - the so-called card reader (the memory module will be presented as a medium with the FAT16 / 32 file system).

The simplest connector is the RCA AV-out - simply put, “tulips” —suitable for connecting to any television equipment, and provides viewing of images on a television screen.

Students are introduced to the material for discussion and discussion. 10 minutes . Students then give messages that are accompanied by a teacher’s presentation.

Summarizing the material and summarizing
Questions to the class:

1. What new things did you learn in the lesson?

   Was the information helpful? What is its use?

   If you were to choose a camera, then what parameters would you pay attention to?

Workshop on working with a digital camera.

Note: during the lesson you can photograph the main stages. At the end of the lesson, transfer the captured material to the computer in various ways.

Homework: set by groups:

Group 1 - the basic elements of a video camera

2 group - advantages of digital video cameras

3 group - devices for recording information in a camcorder

Group 4 - transfer of information from a video camera to a computer

5 group - webcams

During the development of digital technology, computers of various types were developed. Many of them have long been forgotten, but others have had a strong influence on the development of modern computing systems. Here we give a brief overview of some of the stages in the development of computers to show how human thought has come to a modern understanding of computer technology.

Devices that facilitate the counting or storing of its results have been known for a long time, but we will be interested only in computing devices that automatically execute the programs embedded in them. Therefore, we do not consider devices such as abacus, mechanical arithmometers, and electronic calculators here.

The first computer with a stored program was built by a French scientist Blaise Pascalin 1642 it was mechanical with a manual drive. and could perform addition and subtraction operations. German mathematician Gottfried Leibnizin 1672 he built a mechanical machine that could also do multiplication and division operations. For the first time, a machine running the program was developed in 1834 by an English scientist Charles Babbage.It contained a storage device, a computing device, a punch card input device, and a printing device. The commands were read from the punch card and read data from memory to the computing device and write the results of the calculations to the memory. All the devices of the Babbage machine, including memory, were mechanical and contained thousands of gears, the manufacture of which required accuracy that was not available in the 19th century. The machine implemented any programs recorded on a punch card, so for the first time a programmer was needed to write such programs. The first programmer was an Englishwoman Ada Lovelycein whose honor the Ada programming language was already named in our time.

In the XX century. electronics began to develop and its capabilities were immediately adopted by computer developers. With the construction of computers, the basic system of elements of which was built on electronic components, the countdown of generations of digital computers begins. Note that the division of the period of development of digital technology into stages is associated mainly with the transfer of the basic system of elements to new technologies for the production of electronic components.

First generation -

electronic lamps (1945-1955)

The basic system of elements of this generation of computers was based on electronic lamps. Their use determined both the advantages and disadvantages of digital devices. Electron tubes provided a high switching speed of logic elements, which increased the computational speed compared to attempts to create a computer, the basic element of which was built on the basis of an electromechanical relay. Electronic lamps were quite durable and ensured reliable operation of the computer. Unfortunately, the disadvantages of tube computers were also sufficient. Electron tubes operated with voltages of tens of volts and spent a lot of energy, in addition, the size of electron tubes, according to modern concepts of microelectronics, was huge - several tens of cubic centimeters. To build a computer, thousands of logic elements were needed, so the size of the tube computers over the occupied area was tens of square meters, and the power consumption ranged from units to tens and even hundreds of kilowatts. Such power led to overheating of the lamps, which were rather compactly placed, and set the task of effectively cooling the electronic components of the machine. The speed of information processing in lamp machines ranged from several hundred to several thousand operations per second.

The second generation - transistors (1955-1965 gg.)

Semiconductor devices - transistors were invented in 1948. They differed from electronic lamps in their small size, low voltage and low power consumption. All these advantages of semiconductor devices have revolutionized the electronics industry. Miniature radio transmitters and television devices began to appear, it became possible to integrate control devices directly into control objects, etc. The new element base for transistor-based computers has revolutionized the production of computers. A significant reduction in size, reduction in power consumption and cost allowed the creation of a computer architecture with great functionality, dramatically increase the speed of computers to hundreds of thousands and even millions of operations per second. The increase in productivity was ensured both due to the higher speed of the transistors in comparison with electronic tubes, and by introducing several processing devices operating in parallel into the computer. The area required to accommodate the computer decreased to a few square meters, and attempts were made to make desktop options. The cost reduction has increased the number of potential computer users. Large companies producing general-purpose computers appeared: International Business Machines (IBM), Control Data Corporation (CDC) Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)et al. It should be noted the PDP-8 computer of the DEC company, the first mini-computer with a common bus, which had a great influence on the development of personal computer architectures.

Third Generation Integrated Circuits (1965-1980)

Semiconductor elements and other electronic components were produced by the electronics industry as individual elements. So, the semiconductor crystal on which the transistor was placed was enclosed in a special metal or plastic case. The requirement to reduce the size of electronic

devices led to the fact that at first the semiconductor devices began to be produced in a package, and then in 1958 an attempt was made to place all the components of one functional unit in one semiconductor chip. So there were integrated circuits (ICs), which made it possible to sharply reduce the size of semiconductor circuits and reduce power consumption. Based on IP, mini-computers were built, which were performed in the form of a single rack and peripheral devices. The power consumed by the computer on the IC decreased to hundreds of watts. Increasing the speed of nodes built on IP, allowed to bring the speed of computers to tens of millions of operations per second. The electronics industry has begun mass production of electronic components for IP, which has reduced their cost and dramatically reduced the cost of the hardware component of computers. Cost reduction has led to the development and practical implementation of powerful computing systems using parallel processing: multiprocessor and pipeline computers.

Fourth Generation - Extra Large Integrated Circuits (since 1980)

The micro-miniaturization of electronic devices has led to the emergence of a new industry - microelectronicswhich belongs to the field of high technology. Using the latest scientific and technological achievements in physics, chemistry, crystallography, materials science and even astronautics (in zero gravity, very high purity semiconductor crystals can be obtained), we achieved the placement of several square millimeters on a single crystal, first hundreds, then thousands and, finally, millions of transistors and others electronic components. Now the semiconductor circuit no longer contained a set of several logical elements, from which the functional units of the computer were then built, but entirely functional units, and first of all cPU,which, given its size, was called microprocessorexternal device control devices - controllersexternal devices. Such integrated circuits were called first large integrated circuits(BIS) and then super large integrated circuits(VLSI).

The result of such a rapid development of microelectronics was the emergence of single-board computers, where on one board, several tens of square centimeters in size, several VLSI circuits containing all the functional blocks of the computer were located. Single-board computers were built into various industrial, medical and household devices for operational information processing and control. The cost of single-board computers has fallen so much that it became possible for individuals to purchase them. English engineers took advantage of this opportunity. Steve Jobeand Steve Wozniak.Using the functional units produced by the industry: a micro-computer board with a processor and memory, a keyboard, a display, they assembled a cheap desktop computer - microcomputer.Its appeal to non-professional users was that it was a ready-to-use device containing all the necessary equipment and software for the job. This microcomputer is called Arr! Eand became the first in the world personal computer.

A large company engaged in the release of powerful computing systems became interested in personal computers, which were widely used in the computer market, 1VMand decided to launch the release of her personal computer model. Together with the company Intelwho developed the microprocessor kit, and Microsoft, which equipped the computer with an operating system Ms dosIBM created a personal computer IWM RS.The significant potential of IBM allowed us to produce a huge number of such computers in a short time. Their attractive price for customers and some innovations, for example, the larger memory capacity compared to personal computers of other companies, which were being manufactured at that time, allowed the IBM PC to become the most popular personal computer in the world.

2.6. Architecture of computer systems of concentrated information processing

A modern computer consists of several functional units: processor, memory, device controllers, etc. Each node is a complex electronic device, which may include millions of logical elements. To better understand the principle of operation of each node and the computer as a whole, the concept of computer presentation levels is introduced.

Digital logic level -level of logic circuits of the basic system of elements.

Microarchitectural level- the level of organization of information processing inside the functional node. These include registers for various purposes, a device for processing incoming commands, a data conversion device, and a control device.

Team level- a set of functional nodes and communication between them, a system of commands and data transmitted between devices.

A set of blocks, relationships between them, data types and operations of each level is called level architecture.

Command-level architecture is usually called computer architecture or computer organization. In this section, we look at various computer architectures. Architectures of other levels will be discussed in the following sections.

2.6.1. Fixed Device Architecture

Focused Computerscomputer systems are called in which one or more processing devices (processors) are located compactly and use internal data transfer buses to exchange information. Computers of the first and second generation had a closed-type architecture with a limited set of external equipment. Such an architecture is typical for computers, the basic system of logical elements of which is built on discrete electronic components (electron tubes, transistors). The introduction of any additional functional unit in such architectures was associated with an increase in power consumption, occupied space and sharply increased the cost of the entire system. Therefore, a computer made according to this architecture did not have the ability to connect additional devices not provided by the developer.

An enlarged diagram of such a computer architecture is shown in Fig. 2.9. RAM stores commands and data of executable programs, ALU provides not only numerical processing, but also participates in the process of input-output of information, carrying out its entry into RAM. An I / O channel is a specialized device that operates according to the commands given by the control device. The channel allows the connection of a certain number of external devices. The control device ensures the execution of program instructions and controls all nodes of the system.

Fig. 2.9. Gated Computer Architecture

Computers of this architecture are effective in solving purely computational problems. They are poorly adapted for the implementation of computer technology, requiring the connection of additional external devices and high speed information exchange with them.

6.2. Open Architecture Computing Systems

In the early 70's. by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)a completely different architecture computer was proposed. This architecture made it possible to freely connect any peripheral devices, which immediately interested developers of control systems for various technical systems, as it provided free connection to a computer of any number of sensors and actuators. The main innovation was the connection of all devices, regardless of their purpose, to common businformation transfer. Connecting devices to the bus was carried out in accordance with tire standard.The bus standard was a freely distributed document, which allowed manufacturers of peripheral equipment to develop controllers for connecting their devices to buses of various standards. The architecture of an open-type computer based on the use of a common bus is shown in Fig. 2.10. General management of the whole

During the development of digital technology, computers of various types were developed. Many of them have long been forgotten, but some have had a strong influence on the development of modern computing systems. Here we give a brief overview of some of the stages in the development of computers to show how human thought has come to a modern understanding of computer technology.

Devices that facilitate the counting or storing of its results have been known for a long time, but we will only be interested in devices for calculations that automatically execute the programs embedded in them, so we do not consider such devices as accounts, mechanical arithmometers and electronic calculators.

The first calculating machine with a stored program was built by a French scientist Blaise Pascalin 1642. It was mechanical with a manual drive and could perform addition and subtraction operations. German mathematician Gottfried Leibnizin 1672 he built a mechanical machine that could do the same operations of multiplication and division. For the first time, a machine working under a program was developed in 1834 by an English scientist Charles Babbage. It contained a storage device, a computing device, a punch card input device, and a printing device. The commands were read from the punch card and read data from memory to the computing device and write the results of the calculations to the memory. All the devices of the Babbage machine, including memory, were mechanical and contained thousands of gears, the manufacture of which required accuracy inaccessible in the 19th century. The machine implemented any programs recorded on a punch card, so for the first time a programmer was needed to write such programs. The first programmer was an Englishwoman Ada Lovelyce, in whose honor the programming language Ada has already been named in our time.

In the 20th century, electronics began to develop and its capabilities were immediately adopted by computer developers. With the construction of computers, the basic system of elements of which was built on electronic components, the countdown of generations of digital computers begins. Note that the division of the period of development of digital technology into stages is associated mainly with the transfer of the basic system of elements to new technologies for the production of electronic components.

The first generation - electronic lamps (1945-1955)

The basic system of elements of this generation of computers was based on electronic lamps. Their use determined both the advantages and disadvantages of digital devices. Electron tubes provided a high switching speed of logic elements, which increased the computational speed in comparison with attempts to create a computer, the basic element of which was built on the basis of an electromechanical relay. Electronic lamps were quite durable and ensured reliable operation of the computer. Unfortunately, the disadvantages of tube computers were also enough. Firstly, electronic lamps operated with voltages of tens of volts and spent a lot of energy, in addition, the size of electronic lamps, according to modern concepts of microelectronics, was huge - several tens of cubic centimeters. To build a computer, thousands of logic elements were needed, so the size of the tube computers over the occupied area was tens of square meters, and the power consumption ranged from units to tens and even hundreds of kilowatts. Such power led to overheating of the lamps, which were rather compactly placed, and set the task of effectively cooling the electronic components of the machine. The speed of information processing in lamp machines ranged from several hundred to several thousand operations per second.

Digital devices

Analog devices

Analog devices include functional electronic components designed to perform various operations and conversions on analog signals. Structurally, analog devices can be represented as:

1. Bipolar

It has 2 pairs of input terminals, to which signal sources are connected, and a load is connected to output terminals. It is a transmission link with control parameters.

Digital devices include functional units designed to perform operations on information objects in the form of digital signals. Code words are used to represent digital signals. Features: for construction, the simplest alphabet is used - two letters, denoted by the symbols 0 and 1. The code word is a number in 2 SS. The number of letters in the codeword is fixed.

A word contains n letters or digits. In digital devices, the object of information is binary numbers, not functions of time.

Principles of operation of digital devices:

1) A certain time is allotted for the execution of the command, a clock generator is used for this, it formulates a control signal

2) After the start of the operation, all input code words are converted to the required output

3) The output code words are sent for storage to the digital system memory or to external devices to perform actions

Ways to process code words:

To implement operations on codewords, it is extremely important in the form of electrical signals. Distribution has gained a potential way of presentation. Logical zero corresponds to a low signal level (voltage), logical unit to high. Operations on codewords can be performed in two ways: sequentially (bitwise) and in parallel.

The simplest information converters:

A computer consists of millions of elements: transistors, diodes, registers, which are part of integrated circuits. But studying the operation of a PC is facilitated by the regularity of its structure, which means: a computer consists of a large number of simple elements, of a few types. Elements form a small number of typical schemes.

According to the degree of complexity of the functions performed, they distinguish:

1) Elements - the simplest part that performs operations on individual bits. Logically distinguish (and, or, not, and-not, or-not), storage (triggers of various types) and auxiliary, serving to amplify and generate signals.

2) Nodes - consist of elements and perform operations on words. Distinguish combinational and accumulating (sequential)

Combination built solely on logical elements;

Accumulators include logic elements and memory elements;

PC nodes include: registers, counters, adders, multiplexers, etc.

3) Devices - consist of several nodes, perform one or a number of similar operations on machine words. The devices include ALU, memory device, control device, memory, input / output device.

Digital devices - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Digital devices" 2017, 2018.