Information technology for smart manufacturing. Summary: Information technology in production

Hardware solutions

Corporate information technology.

Corporate governance and the creation of corporate information systems are currently based on various information technologies, since, unfortunately, there is no universal technology. The following three groups of management methods can be distinguished: resources, processes, corporate knowledge (communications). Among information technologies, the most used are the following: DBMS, Workflow (Workflow Management Coalition association standards) Intranet.

Resource management challenge is one of the classic management techniques and is the first to widely use information technology. This is due to the availability of well-developed economic and mathematical models that are effectively implemented by computer technology.

Intranet is a technology for managing corporate communications. The intranet differs from the Internet only in information aspects, where three levels are distinguished: a universal language for representing corporate knowledge, presentation models, and factual knowledge.

A universal language for representing corporate knowledge domain independent and defines grammar and syntax. The task of the universal language for representing corporate knowledge is: unification of knowledge representation, unambiguous interpretation of knowledge, dividing knowledge processing processes into simple procedures that can be automated.

View models determine the specifics of the organization. Knowledge at this level is metadata describing primary data.

Actual knowledgerepresent specific subject areas and are primary data.

Information technology in industry and economy.

The introduction of information technology in the production sector has developed along the path of creating information systems and has received the name ACS (automated production control system). However, the main problem of complex automation after the implementation of the automated control system was not solved, but at the same time, experience was gained in the development of such systems and specialists were trained.

When designing an automated control system, the issues of compatibility and standardization were often ignored, which made it difficult to implement modern technologies and led to high costs for modernization. Corporate information systems (CIS) based on the principles of corporate information technologies and modern standards have become widespread.

There are three main classes of tasks solved with the help of CIS:

* the formation of reporting indicators;



* development of strategic management decisions for business development;

* development of tactical decisions.

The main difficulty in introducing CIS is diagnostics.

There are three stages here:

1. Survey, system analysis and assessment of the existing structure and management technologies;

2. Development of new options for organizational structures and management technologies based on information technology;

3. Development of regulations on management reorganization, implementation plan, management document flow regulations.

Conventionally, there are replicated, semi-custom and custom corporate information systems.

Replicated The CIS does not require any further development by the developer, it exists by itself, and does not provide the possibility of making changes. These systems are designed for small businesses.

Customized. Unreliable and difficult to upgrade. The main area of \u200b\u200btheir application is production with very high specificity.

Semi-custom systems are the most flexible and require less capital expenditures. Their main area of \u200b\u200bapplication is large enterprises.

In addition to CIS, it should be noted software systems that implement individual control functions:

1. Accounting programs: 1C: Accounting.

2. Trade automation systems: 1C: Trade.

3. Automation systems for warehouse accounting: 1C: Warehouse.

APCS represent a two-level control system.

Lower the level includes controllers that provide the primary processing of information coming directly from the control object.

Upper the APCS level is made up of powerful computers that function as database servers and workstations, providing storage, analysis and processing of all incoming information, as well as interaction with the operator. The basis of the top-level software is SCADA (Supervision Control and DATA Acquisition) packages.


3. Information technology in education. Methodological aspect

The goal of informatization of society - the creation of a hybrid integral intelligence of the entire civilization, capable of foreseeing and managing the development of mankind.

In the process of informatization of education, it is necessary to highlight the following aspects:

*methodological;

*economic;

*technical;

*technological;

Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports of Ukraine

Department of Economics and Business Administration

Mandatory homework

on the course: Information systems and technologies in production

Sumy, 2012

Problem 1

Find a solution to a general linear programming problem given by a mathematical model in the form of an objective function

To solve the problem, after starting the spreadsheet editor Microsoft Excel, you must enter the necessary data in the table (Fig. 1.1).

Figure: 1.1 - Screen form of linear programming problem

In cell G4, enter: \u003d SUMPRODUCT ($ B $ 2: $ F $ 2; B4: F4). And in cells G7: G10 we enter the function as shown in Fig. 1.2.

Figure: 1.2 - Entering formulas for calculating the left side

Figure: 1.3 - Setting constraints in the search for solutions add-on

Figure: 1.4 - Screen form of the problem after entering all the necessary formulas

Problem 2

Some warehouses have piece goods that are needed by various stores for sale. It is known how many products are in each warehouse and how many are required in each store. It is also known what it costs to transport each item of goods from any warehouse to each store. Under these conditions, it is required to plan the transportation of goods in such a way that costs are minimal.

To solve the problem, it is necessary for a closed and open transport problem to draw up a model for the supply of goods and build a mathematical model.

Closed-type technical assignment solution

Table 2.1 - Condition for the solution of the closed TK

Closed transport task Tariffs, UAH / unit 1st store 2nd store 3rd store Stocks, units 1st warehouse 13,61,10,415 12th warehouse 6,944,946,2983rd warehouse 29,332,4061,74th warehouse31,721,747,2100,65th warehouse46,30046,36th warehouse17,822,8040.6 Requirements, pcs. 145.6122.993.8

Let's introduce restrictions as shown in Fig. 2.1.

Figure: 2.1 - Entering restrictions

In the solution parameters (the “Parameters” button), it is also necessary to enable the “Non-negative values” setting to comply with the condition of non-negativity of the variables.

The found solution looks like this (Fig.2.2)

Figure: 2.2 - Screen form of the solution after entering all the necessary formulas

Thus, in the case of organizing delivery under optimal conditions, the cost of delivery of goods will amount to UAH 3418.13. The solution to the problem is the following matrix of values

where the value will determine how many goods must be delivered from the i-th warehouse to the j-th store.

Open Type TK solution

Table 2.2 - Condition for the solution of the open TK

Open transport task Tariffs, UAH / unit 1st store 2nd store 3rd store Stocks, units 1st warehouse 13,61,10,419,92th warehouse 6,944,946,286,63rd warehouse 29,332,4049,34th warehouse31,721,747,2105,35th warehouse46,300456th warehouse17,822,8028.9 Requirements, units 140,1115,288.1

To solve this problem, a fictitious store is introduced, in which the tariffs will be zero. All surplus goods will be sent to this store. Thus, the needs of the stores for the goods will be satisfied, however, in the warehouses, in reality, there will be excess goods, which in the solution will be transported to a fictitious store.

If, on the contrary, the stocks did not cover the needs, it would be necessary to enter a fictitious warehouse from which the missing goods would be delivered. In this case, the solution of the transport problem would guarantee the optimal supply of all goods available in the warehouses. However, not all store needs for goods would be met.

The needs of the fictitious store for goods are equal to the difference between the available and required goods (343.4 - 335 \u003d 436 units of goods). In this case, the requirements and stocks will coincide, and the task can be reduced to a closed type.

Thus, it is necessary to accept the following terms of delivery, taking into account the surplus in the required product.

Figure: 2.3 - Screen form of the problem taking into account a dummy column

The objective function and restrictions will be compiled in the same way as for an ordinary closed transport problem with one exception: the restriction on the purchase of goods does not apply to a fictitious store. Thus, all excess goods will be "dumped" into it.

Let's introduce restrictions as shown in Fig. 2.4

linear programming transport cost price

Figure: 2.4 - Entering restrictions

The screen solution is shown in Fig. 2.5.

Figure: 2.5 - Screen form of the solution after entering all the necessary formulas

In the case of organizing delivery under optimal conditions, the cost of delivery of goods will be 8733.62 UAH. The solution to the problem will be the following matrix of values:

Problem 3

There are statistics for several years about the work of the company in one of its areas of activity. It is necessary, using statistical methods, to calculate the predicted value of the indicator of interest for the next year, i.e. for the future period. In addition, it is necessary to analyze the available data and find the pattern of their change over time.

Thus, the task is reduced to the following stages:

) Based on the given data, it is necessary to construct a forecast using a moving average, growth function and trend. Build graphs with predicted data and compare them with actual data.

) Find the most accurate form of the relationship between statistical data and time, and also determine the type of this relationship and its accuracy using the coefficient of determination R2. Using the regression equation, find the value of the studied indicator in the future period.

The initial data are given in table. 3.1

Table 3.1 - Initial data for the task. From table. the following initial data:

PeriodDataPeriodData1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9221 126 373 284 287 263 226 280 22310 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 250 183 220 231 321 309 299 236 218


The calculation of the forecast using the moving average for the i-th period is performed using the following formula:

Next, you need to make a forecast using the TREND function. This function finds a linear relationship between the given values \u200b\u200bof the function y and the values \u200b\u200bof its arguments x. This dependence is represented by a linear function, and the values \u200b\u200bof its arguments are found in Excel using the least squares method.

In this case, the values \u200b\u200bof the y function are data, and the values \u200b\u200bof the x arguments are the numbers of the periods for the corresponding data. More detailed information about this function can be found using the Excel Assistant by calling it from the menu or by pressing the "F1" key. To calculate the forecast for the required period, we first enter in the required cell of the table "\u003d TREND (", and then indicate the array containing the known values \u200b\u200bof the function y. Then we indicate the array containing the values \u200b\u200bof the arguments of the function x. The last is the value of the period for which it is necessary to calculate the forecast, i.e. and the required value of x, for which it is necessary to find the value of the function y.

Next, let's make a forecast using the GROWTH function. This Excel function calculates projected exponential growth based on the available data. GROWTH returns y-values \u200b\u200bfor a sequence of new x-values, specified using existing x- and y-values. Those. this function builds a dependency between the function and its arguments as.

As a result, we got the following values \u200b\u200b(Fig. 3.1)

Figure: 3.1 - Screen view of forecast calculation

Figure: 3.2 - Forecast chart using a moving average

Task 4

You also need to build the following diagrams:

a) a bar chart for a comparative analysis of the main indicators of economic activity (selling price, basic salary, raw materials and materials) by types of products;

b) a cumulative diagram of the main indicators of economic activity (selling price, main salary, raw materials and materials) by types of products;

c) a pie chart of the distribution of profits for three products.

The data are shown in Fig. 4.1

Figure: 4.1 - Initial data to the condition

The required values \u200b\u200bare calculated according to the following scheme:

1)Recyclable waste is a specified percentage of the cost of raw materials and supplies.

2)Additional salary (UAH) is determined by the formula: if the main salary<200 то дополнительная З/П равна 15% от основной; в ином случае - 20%.

)Accruals on salary is equal to 37.5% of the amount of the main and additional salary.

)Equipment content is 5% of the main salary.

)Workshop costs are equal to 17% of (25% of the basic salary + 75% of the additional salary).

)General plant costs account for 8% of the average basic salary.

)The production cost is equal to the sum of costs for raw materials and materials, components, fuel and energy, main and additional salary, accruals for salary, equipment maintenance, shop and general plant expenses minus returnable waste.

)Non-production cost is 3.5% of production.

)The gross cost is the sum of the production and non-production costs.

)Profit is the specified percentage of the rate of return on the total cost.

)The wholesale price is equal to the sum of the total cost and profit.

)VAT is the specified percentage of the wholesale price.

)The selling price is equal to the sum of the wholesale price plus VAT.

We will calculate the necessary indicators, as well as the selling price. The results are shown in Fig. 4.2

Figure: 4.2 - Screen view of calculating the prime cost and selling price

The first diagram is a bar diagram for a comparative analysis of the main indicators of economic activity (selling price, main salary, raw materials and materials) by types of products (Fig. 4.3).

Figure 4.3 - Histogram of comparative analysis of production indicators

Let's build a cumulative diagram of the main indicators of economic activity (Fig. 4.4).

Figure: 4.4 - Cumulative diagram of the main indicators of economic activity

Let's build a pie chart of profit distribution for three products (Fig. 4.5).

Figure: 4.5 - Sector diagram of profit distribution by product

IT in manufacturing: global trends

The demand for production control and automation systems largely depends on the level of technological development of industry in a particular country. In developed countries, IT is focused on the introduction of innovations, while in regions with a low technological level of the industry, high-tech is designed to solve applied issues.

The existing trends in the development of IT are reflected in the field of production technologies. Industrialized countries are clearly focused on innovation and the constant introduction of new technologies (of course, taking into account market conditions), including those acquired in developing countries. For this, internal resources are attracted (targeted programs are organized, state and private research grants are provided, etc.), as well as high-class foreign specialists (the well-known process of "brain drain"). Alternatively, technologies developed in other countries are acquired on the basis of full transfer of licensing rights.

In developing countries, the innovation process is more focused on solving tactical production problems than on developing fundamentally new technologies. In addition, a significant part of the new technologies that are still being developed "go" to industrialized countries. This is explained as b aboutthe greater financial capabilities of Western buyers in comparison with local ones, and, often, the lack of a practical opportunity to implement the developed technology at the level of the industry of a developing country.

Manufacturing control

Organizationally, in Western countries, the concept of "lean manufacturing", first proposed and implemented by Toyota, dominates today. Companies are no longer focusing on economies of scale and are now focusing on reducing operating costs, shipping costs and eliminating non-production costs. The emergence of automated enterprise resource management systems in the 90s of the XX century and their development now make it possible to increase the flexibility and efficiency of even "lean production".

For example, implementing a just-in-time approach, combined with supply chain planning (SCM), allows an industrial enterprise to do without a warehouse at all. At one time, this approach was implemented at Apple factories, ensuring a reduction in transport and storage costs, as well as the continuity of the production process: from the moment of import of raw materials to the moment of delivery of finished products.

In developing countries, where the technological level of the industry is low and the manufacturing sector is developing extensively, the main goal of companies is to increase the volume of finished goods and their sales, while optimization of management and reduction of production costs are of secondary importance. In such conditions, conveyor production of standardized products prevails here. In most cases, manual labor in developing countries is one of the cheapest factors of production, which, given the high cost of information technology, allows industrial enterprises to organize production with little or no automation.

Industrial automation

The current economic situation in industrialized countries stimulates, in particular, the demand for supply chain management (SCM), product lifecycle management (CALS / PLM) systems, solutions for their integration with existing enterprise resource management systems (ERP), as well as demand to the ERP systems themselves. The active introduction of IT in the industry is dictated here both by intense competition in domestic markets, which requires increased production flexibility, as much as possible reduction of production costs, warehouse stocks and preparation times, as well as international specialization aimed at exporting technologically complex industrial products.

Developing countries, in terms of production automation, still have a long way to go to manage corporate resources and product lifecycle. Nevertheless, information technologies are being introduced here as well, however, first of all, this concerns systems for automation of design, preparation and production management, as well as automation systems for warehouse, financial and accounting.

If we talk about such developing countries as China, India, Brazil, Mexico, etc., the level of their industrial development, as well as active penetration into world markets, including technologically complex products, ensures their reorientation towards intensifying production, improving quality production, cost reduction, tight control over the production and delivery time of finished products, as well as ensuring its compliance with international standards. As a result of this process, the demand for information technology in these countries differs slightly from that in the industrialized countries. In particular, the volume of the ERP market in China, according to experts, is almost equal to the volume of the Western European market. The Indian market is considered very promising today.

Sergey Turchin: Investments in IT from Russian industrial enterprises began to increase

Sergey Turchin, head of the corporate projects department of AMT-Group, answers CNews questions

CNews: What changes have occurred in the informatization market of the Russian industry over the past year, according to your observations?

Over the past year, there has been a significant increase in interest in complex technologies designed to provide potential customers with fundamentally new services. First of all, these are multimedia solutions such as video conferencing, corporate IP telephony, digital video surveillance and call centers. The part of the market related to the construction of storage systems and networks continues to grow. It is very important that these areas are developing in such vertical market segments as the metallurgical industry, transport, mechanical engineering, including enterprises of the military-industrial complex.

In industrial production, there is still a great interest in the automation of business processes, which is primarily associated with the intensive development of industries associated with the production of the so-called "high processing", in particular, mechanical engineering, which we can observe recently.

The modern period of development of civilized society characterizes the process of informatization.

Informatization of society is a global social process, the peculiarity of which is that the dominant type of activity in the sphere of social production is the collection, accumulation, production, processing, storage, transmission and use of information, carried out on the basis of modern means of microprocessor and computer technology, and also on the basis of various means of information exchange.

Informatization of society ensures: active use of the constantly expanding intellectual potential of society, concentrated in the printed fund, and scientific, industrial and other activities of its members; integration of information technologies into scientific and industrial activities, initiating the development of all spheres of social production, intellectualization of labor activity; a high level of information services, the availability of any member of society to reliable information sources, visualization of the information provided, the materiality of the data used.

The use of open information systems, designed to use the entire array of information currently available to society in a certain area, makes it possible to improve the mechanisms for managing the social structure, contributes to the humanization and democratization of society, and increases the level of welfare of its members.

The processes taking place in connection with the informatization of society contribute not only to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the intellectualization of all types of human activity, but also to the creation of a qualitatively new information environment of society, which ensures the development of the creative potential of the individual.

One of the directions of the process of informatization of modern society is the informatization of education - the process of providing the education sector with methodology and practice for the development and optimal use of modern, or, as they are called, new information technologies focused on the implementation of the psychological and pedagogical goals of training and education.

The process of informatization also affected the economic sectors. Their radical improvement and adaptation to modern conditions has become possible due to the massive use of the latest computer and telecommunications technology, the formation of highly effective information and management technologies on its basis.

The means and methods of applied informatics are used in management and marketing.

New technologies based on computer technology require radical changes in the organizational structures of management, its regulations, human resources, the system of documentation, recording and transfer of information. New information technologies significantly expand the possibilities of using information resources in various industries, as well as in education.

Modern material production and other areas of activity are increasingly in need of information services, processing a huge amount of information.

A universal technical means of processing any information is a computer, which plays the role of an amplifier of the intellectual capabilities of a person and society as a whole, and communication means using computers are used to communicate and transfer information.

The emergence and development of computers is a necessary component of the process of informatization of society. Informatization of society is one of the laws of modern social progress. This term is increasingly replacing the term "computerization of society", widely used until recently. Despite the external similarity of these concepts, they have a significant difference.

In the computerization of society, the main attention is paid to the development and implementation of the technical base of computers, ensuring the prompt receipt of the results of information processing and its accumulation.

In informatization of society, the main attention is paid to a set of measures aimed at ensuring the full use of reliable, comprehensive and timely knowledge in all types of human activity.

Thus, “informatization of society” is a broader concept than “computerization of society”, and is aimed at the earliest possible acquisition of information to meet their needs.

In the concept of “informatization of society,” the emphasis should be placed not so much on technical means as on the essence and goals of socio-technical progress.

Computers are the basic technical component of the process of informatization of society. Informatization based on the introduction of computer and telecommunication technologies is the reaction of society to the need for a significant increase in labor productivity in the information sector of social production, where more than half of the working population is concentrated.

For example, more than 60% of the working-age population is employed in the information sphere in the United States, and about 40% in the CIS. From a modern point of view, the use of a telephone in the early years of its existence looks rather ridiculous.

The supervisor dictated the message to his secretary, who then sent it from the phone room. A phone call was received in a similar room of another company, the text was recorded on paper and delivered to the addressee.

It took a long time before the telephone became such a widespread and familiar way of communicating to begin to use it, the way we do it today: we call the right place ourselves, and with the advent of cell phones - and a specific person.

Nowadays, computers are mainly used as a means of creating and analyzing information, which is then transferred to familiar media (for example, paper).

But now, thanks to the widespread use of computers and the creation of the Internet, for the first time, you can use your computer to communicate with other people through their computers.

The need to use printed data for transmission to colleagues is eliminated, just as paper disappeared from telephone conversations. Today, thanks to the use of the Web, it can be compared to the time when people stopped recording the text of telephone messages: computers (and their communication with each other via the Internet) are already so widespread and familiar that we are beginning to use them in fundamentally new ways.

The WWW is the beginning of the journey where computers truly become communications tools. The Internet provides an unprecedented way of getting information. Anyone with access to the WWW can get all the information available on it, as well as powerful tools for finding it.

The opportunities for education, business and the growth of mutual understanding between people are simply overwhelming. Moreover, Web technology allows information to be disseminated everywhere. The simplicity of this method is unparalleled in history.

In order to make your views, products or services known to others, there is no longer a need to buy space in a newspaper or magazine, or to pay for time on television and radio. The Web makes the rules of the game the same for government and individuals, for small and large firms, for producers and consumers, for charities and political organizations. Information sphere - a specific sphere of activity of subjects of public life, associated with the creation, storage, distribution, transmission, processing and use of information.

The World Wide Web (WWW) on the Internet is the most democratic medium of information: with its help, anyone can say and hear what has been said without intermediate interpretation, distortion and censorship, guided by a certain framework of decency.

The Internet provides a unique freedom of expression for individuals and information. Similar to the use of internal telephones of companies to connect employees with each other and the outside world, the Web is used both for communication within an organization and between organizations and their customers, customers and partners.

The same Web technology that enables small businesses to make their mark on the Internet can be used by a large company to communicate the current state of a project over an internal intranet, allowing its employees to always be more knowledgeable and therefore more responsive than small ones. , nimble competitors.

Using the intranet within an organization to make information more accessible to its members is also a step forward from the past.

Now, with the ability to store documents in an intricate computer archive, it became possible (under the control of security tools) to easily search and describe documents, link to them and compose indexes.

Web technology makes business as well as management more efficient. Information technologies have become part of our life. The use of computers has become commonplace, although quite recently a workplace equipped with a computer was very rare.

Information technologies have opened up new opportunities for work and rest, have made it possible to facilitate human labor in many ways. Modern society can hardly be imagined without information technology. The prospects for the development of computer technology today are difficult to imagine even for specialists.

However, it is clear that in the future something great awaits us. And if the pace of development of information technology does not decrease (and there is no doubt about that), then this will happen very soon.

With the development of information technologies, the transparency of the world is growing, the speed and volume of information transfer between the elements of the world system, and another integrating world factor appears. This means that the role of local traditions, contributing to the self-sufficient inertial development of individual elements, is weakening.

At the same time, the response of the elements to signals with positive feedback is enhanced.

Integration could only be welcomed if it did not result in the erosion of regional, cultural and historical features of development. Information technology has absorbed the avalanche-like achievements of electronics, as well as mathematics, philosophy, psychology and economics.

The resulting viable hybrid marked a revolutionary leap in information technology history that goes back hundreds of thousands of years. Modern society is filled and permeated with streams of information that need to be processed.

Therefore, without information technology, as well as without energy, transport and chemical technologies, it cannot function normally.

Socio-economic planning and management, manufacturing and transport, banks and stock exchanges, mass media and publishing houses, defense systems, social and law enforcement databases, service and health care, educational processes, offices for processing scientific and business information, finally, the Internet is everywhere IT.

Information saturation not only changed the world, but also created new problems that were not foreseen.

test questions

  • 1. What does the informatization of society provide?
  • 2. What is the difference between informatization and computerization?
  • 3. What improvements have WWW technology brought?
  • 4. What is an intranet?
  • 5. What are the disadvantages of integrating information technology?
ERP-system significantly improves the management of the enterprise and increases the efficiency of its work.

5. Information technology of enterprises

5.1. Management accounting and reporting

Building a corporate information system should begin with an analysis of the organization's governance structure and the associated data and information flows. Coordination of the work of all divisions of the organization is carried out through management bodies of different levels. Management is understood as the achievement of a set goal, subject to the implementation of the following main functions: organizational, planning, accounting, analysis, control, incentives (a summary of these functions was discussed in "Information systems for resource planning and enterprise management: ERP-systems").

In recent years, in the field of management, the concept of "decision making" and the systems, methods, and decision support systems associated with this concept have been increasingly used. Making and executing a business decision is the act of forming and purposefully influencing a control object based on analyzing the situation, defining a goal, developing a policy and program (algorithm) to achieve this goal.

The first step on the way to effective management is the creation of a system for collection, operational processing and receipt of operational, accurate and reliable information about the activities of the enterprise - a system for the implementation of management accounting.

Management accounting is a problem for a significant part of enterprise managers, mainly due to the lack of an appropriate system for processing and presenting data on the basis of which decisions are made. Sometimes the information obtained by management for control and decision-making is formed from the financial reporting system, personnel records, etc. The problem is that this information serves specific purposes and does not meet the needs of management for decision making. Therefore, at many enterprises, there are two parallel accounting systems - accounting and management (practical), that is, serving to ensure the implementation of the daily work tasks of employees and managers of the enterprise. As a rule, such records are kept on a bottom-up basis. To perform their work, the employees of the enterprise record the data they need (primary information). When the management of the enterprise needs to get some information about the state of affairs at the enterprise, it makes inquiries to the lower-level managers, and those, in turn, to the performers.

The consequence of this spontaneous approach to the formation of the reporting system is that, as a rule, there is a conflict between the information that management wants to receive and the data that the performers can provide. The reason for this conflict is obvious - at different levels of the enterprise hierarchy, different information is required, and when building a bottom-up reporting system, the main principle of building an information system - focusing on the first person - is violated. Performers either have the wrong kind of data that management needs, or the right data with the wrong degree of granularity or generalization.

Most executives do receive reports on the work of their departments, but this information is either too extensive - for example, filing sales agreements instead of a summary report with figures on total sales for a specified period, or, conversely, is not complete enough. In addition, the information comes with a delay - for example, you can receive information about accounts receivable 20 days after the end of the month, and in the meantime, the sales department has already shipped the goods to the customer with a late last payment. Inaccurate data can lead to poor decisions. Delayed accurate data also loses its value.

In order for the management of an enterprise to receive the data it needs for making management decisions, it is necessary to build a reporting system "from top to bottom", formulating the needs of the upper management level and projecting them onto the lower levels of performance. Only this approach ensures the receipt and recording at the lowest executive level of such primary data, which, in a generalized form, will be able to give the enterprise management the information it needs.

The most important requirements for the management accounting system are timeliness, uniformity, accuracy and regularity of receiving information by the management of the enterprise. These requirements can be implemented by observing a number of simple principles of building a system for generating management reporting:

  • the system should be focused on decision-makers and employees of the analytical department;
  • the system should be built "from top to bottom", managers of each level should analyze the composition and frequency of the data they need to perform their work;
  • performers should be able to record and transfer "upward" the data established by their management;
  • data should be recorded where it is generated;
  • information of varying degrees of detail should become available to all interested consumers immediately after it is recorded.

It is obvious that these requirements can be most fully implemented using an automated system. However, the experience of streamlining management reporting systems at various enterprises shows that the introduction of an automated management accounting system should be preceded by a fairly large "paper" work. Its implementation allows you to simulate various features of the management reporting of an enterprise and, thereby, speed up the process of system implementation and avoid many costly mistakes.

5.2. Automated information systems

The term "automated control systems" (ACS) first appeared in Russia in the 1960s. Of the twentieth century in connection with the use of computers and information technologies in the management of economic objects and processes, which made it possible to increase production efficiency, better use resources, relieve managers from performing mandatory routine operations.

For any enterprise, the possibility of increasing production efficiency is primarily determined by the effectiveness of the existing management system. Coordinated interaction between all departments, operational processing and analysis of the data received, long-term planning and forecasting of the market state - this is not a complete list of tasks that can be solved by the introduction of a modern automated control system (Fig. 5.1).

In this regard, speaking of the increased interest of Russian enterprises in the implementation of automated control systems, it should be noted that at present two main trends in their development and implementation prevail on the domestic market.

The first is that the company is trying to gradually introduce automation systems only in certain areas of its activities, suggesting in the future to combine them into a common system, or being content with "piecewise" ("patchwork") automation. Despite the fact that this path, at first glance, seems less costly, the experience of implementing such systems shows that the minimum costs in such projects often turn into their minimum return, or even do not bring the desired result at all. Moreover, the maintenance and development of such systems is extremely difficult and costly.

The second trend is the integrated implementation of automation systems, which allows to cover all links of the management system from the lower level of production units to the upper management level. In this case, such a system includes:

  • automation of many areas of the enterprise (accounting, personnel management, sales, supply, etc.);
  • automation of the main technological processes of the enterprise;
  • automation of management processes, analysis and strategic planning processes.
  • Currently, in world practice, the names are used to denote fully-functional integrated ACS used by firms:
  • MRP (Material Requirement Planning),
  • MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning),
  • ERP-system (Enterprise Resource Planning),
  • ERP-II and CSRP (Customer Synchronized Relationship Planning - Customer Synchronized Resource Planning).

There is no clear and generally accepted general classification of IT enterprises. A possible variant of the generalized structure of modern information technologies implemented in industrial production of various types is shown in Figure 5.1, in which the following generally accepted abbreviations are made:

  • CAD - Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing - CAD / CAM;
  • AS CCI - automated systems for technological preparation of production (Computer Aided Engineering - CAE);
  • ACS TP - automated control systems for technological processes (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition - SCADA);
  • ACS P - an integrated automated enterprise management system (Enterprise Resource Planning - ERP); WF - workflows (WorkFlow);
  • CRM - customer relationship management;
  • B2B - electronic trading platform ("online business");
  • DSS - management decision support;
  • SPSS - Statistical Data Analysis;
  • OLAP - analysis of multidimensional data;
  • MIS - management information system (AWP) of the head;
  • SCM - supply chain management;
  • PLM - product lifecycle management (typical for discrete manufacturing);
  • ERP-II - expansion of the ERP system for the production contours (i.e. ERP + CRM + B2B + DSS + SCM + PLM, etc.);
  • WAN - global (external) networks and telecommunications (Wide Area Net);
  • HR - "Personnel management", can be considered as an independent task, and as part of the ERP (which is shown in the figure as two links);
  • LAN - Local Area Net.

From the point of view of the implementation of information technology, all enterprises can be divided into two large classes: enterprises with a discrete type of production (discrete production) and enterprises with continuous production (continuous production). For continuous production, the introduction of CAD / CAM is mainly reduced to the introduction of graphics systems.

At the same time, the role of the CCI is growing. The tasks of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry are significantly expanding towards technological calculations, modeling of technological processes. Automated systems for technological preparation of production - AS CCI (CAE) begin to play a decisive role in the organization of production (the process in continuous production is almost impossible to organize without technological calculations and modeling).

For continuous production, the introduction of automated process control systems (SCADA) is becoming very relevant, the efficiency of which directly affects the efficiency of production. Most SCADA solutions are based on several software components (real-time database, input-output devices, history of typical and emergency situations, etc.) and administrators (access, control, messages).

A lot of specificity appears when introducing an integrated automated enterprise management system in continuous production - APCS.

5.3. Integrated information environment

Despite the significant expansion of the market of information services and products in recent years, the information support of the enterprise management system is still at an insufficient level. Information and telecommunication systems operate mainly in the interests of the highest levels of management and, as a rule, without the necessary interaction between them. This situation leads to duplication of work, redundancy in the collection of primary information, higher costs of development and operation of systems.

A single information space of an enterprise is a set of databases and data banks, technologies for their maintenance and use, information and telecommunication systems and networks operating on the basis of common principles and according to general rules. Such a space provides secure information interaction for all participants, and also satisfies their information needs in accordance with the hierarchy of responsibilities and the level of data access.

An integrated information environment is considered as a complex of problem-oriented, interconnected and interacting information subsystems. The conceptual model of the CIS should adequately reflect this environment (Figure 5.2). Such an environment as the basis of a single information space includes the following main components (Fig.5.3):

  • telecommunication environment (communication software), means of organizing teamwork of employees (Groupware);
  • information resources, information systems and mechanisms for providing information on their basis:
    • ERP system;
    • Electronic document management software;
    • Software for information support of subject areas;
    • Software for operational analysis of information and decision support;
    • Project management software; embedded tools and other products (e.g. CAD / CAM / CAE / PDM systems;
    • Personnel management software, etc.).
  • organizational infrastructure that ensures the functioning and development of the information environment, a system of training and retraining of specialists and users of the information environment.


Figure: 5.2.


Figure: 5.3.

The creation of an integrated information environment should be carried out taking into account the following requirements:

  • vertical and horizontal integration of existing and newly created corporate and problem-oriented information environments;
  • the unity of the organizational, technical and technological principles of building the information environment;
  • the existence of a unified data transmission system based on various physical media (fiber-optic, satellite, radio relay and other communication channels) as the basis for horizontal and vertical integration of information media and computer networks;
  • strict adherence to international and Russian standards in the field of information and computer networks, protocols and communication facilities, information resources and systems;
  • providing users with access to open and protected databases for various purposes;
  • ensuring information security and multi-level protection of information from unauthorized access, including guarantees of the authenticity of information disseminated in the information environment;
  • creation of systems and means of collective access in a computer network;
  • development of information resources and problem-oriented systems based on the ideology of information storages and open systems that provide the possibility of joint use of various hardware platforms and operating systems;
  • the use of a modular principle in the design of centers and nodes for storing and processing information, subscriber points and user workstations;
  • use of certified software and hardware solutions and unified components of functioning systems and networks;
  • informatization monitoring, accounting, registration and certification of information resources;
  • development of mechanisms and means of providing information services to end users, certification and licensing of information services;
  • use of organizational and methodological materials, system requirements, standards and recommendations for the integration of networks, systems, databases and automated cadastres.

Undoubtedly, the analysis of the general state of informatization, trends and prospects for its development should be based on certain prerequisites and methodological requirements, without which it is difficult to talk about its successes or failures.

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