Types of information resources provided via the Internet. Internet information resources. GOPHER hypertext system

Resources of computer networks as a means of teaching schoolchildren. Global Internet network. Search for information resources. Internet resources appropriate for use in the educational process of the school

Informatization is one of the main factors forcing education to improve. The content and methods of teaching are changing, the role of the teacher is changing, who is gradually transforming from a simple translator of knowledge into an organizer of the activities of students to acquire new knowledge, skills and abilities. Educational information resources published on the Internet are an essential means of informatization. It is no coincidence that their correct, timely and appropriate use by all specialists working in the system of general secondary education is the key to the effectiveness of training schoolchildren.
Let's consider working with distributed information resources of computer networks in more detail.
Such ICT tools make it possible to bring into the work of general secondary education institutions:

• use of information posted on educational and scientific sites on the Internet (Web sites) for the preparation of educational and methodological materials. Abstracts and messages;
• organization of a representative office of an educational institution on the Internet;
• creation of a site dedicated to the content of school discipline and its placement on the Internet;
• hosting of personal websites of teachers and students.

Most of the information resources on the Internet are represented by the so-called Web-pages, organized according to the principles of hypermedia.
A web page is a document that contains:

• formatted text;
• multimedia objects (graphics, sound, video clips);
• links to other web pages or other information resources;
• active components capable of performing work on a computer according to the program embedded in them.

Typically, a Web page is a fairly complex document, consisting of a whole group of files.
It is difficult to present all the necessary information within one page, therefore, most often, information is presented in the form of a set of several tens or hundreds of Web pages linked together by a single topic, common design style and mutual hypertext links. This collection is called a Web site or Web site.
Each Web site has its own start page, called the start page or home page.
A regular Web site sends the requested document only when requested by the client. There are Web sites that are capable of delivering updated information on their own, subject to customer registration and subscription.
Numerous Web sites and Web pages are stored on a huge variety of so-called WWW servers, that is, computers that have special software installed.
Users with access to the network obtain and view information from Web pages using client programs for the World Wide Web, which have received a specific name Web-browsers (browsers, browsers).
To obtain a page, the browser sends a request over the computer network to the Web server, which stores the required document. In response to the request, the server sends the viewer the required Web page or a rejection message if it is unavailable for one reason or another. Client-server interaction takes place according to certain rules, or, in other words, according to the application protocol.
A web document can contain rich text, graphics, and hypertext links to various resources on the Internet. To realize all these possibilities and to ensure the independence of information resources from the system software of the personal computer on which they will be viewed, a special language was developed. It is called HyperText Markup Language (HTML) or Hypertext Markup Language.
Each file on the Internet also has its own unique address. It's called a URL. URL (Universal Resource Locator) is the address of any file on the network. The URL contains the name of the protocol by which to access the file, the address of the computer indicating which server program to run on it, and the full path to the file.
Until recently, the main competitors in the release of a set of client programs for working with information resources on the Internet were two large companies - Netscape Communications and Microsoft. The first firm's product is called Netscape Communicator and includes the popular Netscape Navigator browser software. Microsoft's Internet client software package is called Internet Explorer. The browser in this kit received the same name.
With the development of the Internet and the increase in the number of information resources published in it, the problem of finding the necessary resources is becoming increasingly important. For the system of general secondary education, it consists in searching for such information resources published on the network that could, in practice, increase the efficiency of the system of training schoolchildren.
Such a search is based on interaction with information resources published on the worldwide telecommunications network Internet.
The way to the huge information baggage of mankind, stored in libraries, music libraries, film libraries, lies through catalog cards. There are similar mechanisms on the Internet for finding the information you need. These are search engines that serve as a starting point for users. From a content point of view, we can speak of them as another special service of the Internet.
Search engines are numerous and varied. It is customary to distinguish between search indexes and directories. Index servers regularly read the content of most web pages on the Internet ("index" them), and place them in whole or in part in a common database. Search engine users have the ability to perform full-text searches on this database using keywords related to the topic of interest. Search results usually consist of extracts of pages recommended to the user's attention and their addresses (URLs), designed in the form of hyperlinks. Working with search engines of this type is convenient when you have a good idea of \u200b\u200bwhat exactly you want to find.
Directories grew out of lists of interesting links, bookmarks. In fact, they represent a multi-level semantic classification of links, built on the principle "from general to specific". Sometimes links are accompanied by a brief description of the information resource. As a rule, it is possible to search in the names of headings (categories) and descriptions of resources by keywords. Catalogs are used when they do not quite clearly know what they are looking for. Moving from the most general categories to more specific ones, you can determine which multimedia resource on the Internet you should familiarize yourself with. It is appropriate to compare the search catalogs with thematic library catalogs, thesaurus dictionaries or biological classifications of animals and plants. The maintenance of search directories is partially automated, but until now the classification of resources is carried out mainly by hand.
Search directories are general purpose and specialized. General purpose search directories include information resources of a wide variety of profiles. Specialized catalogs combine only resources devoted to a specific topic. They often manage to achieve a better coverage of resources from their area and build a more adequate rubrication.
There are many catalogs and portals on the Internet that collect resources, the use of which would be advisable in the system of general secondary education.
The use of such catalogs and information resources on the Internet is advisable for:

• prompt provision of teachers, students and parents with up-to-date, timely and reliable information corresponding to the goals and content of education;
• organization of various forms of trainees' activities related to independent mastery of knowledge;
• application of modern information and telecommunication technologies (multimedia technologies, virtual reality, hypertext and hypermedia technologies) in educational activities;
• objective measurement, assessment and forecasting of the effectiveness of training, comparison of the results of educational activities of schoolchildren with the requirements of the state educational standard;
• management of the student's educational activity, adequately to his level of knowledge, abilities and skills, as well as to the peculiarities of his motivation for learning;
• creating conditions for individual self-study of schoolchildren;
• constant and operational communication between teachers, trainees and parents, aimed at increasing the effectiveness of training;
• organizing the effective operation of general education institutions in accordance with the country's regulatory provisions and meaningful concepts.

A variety of information resources on the Internet may be appropriate for use in general secondary education. Among such resources, one can single out educational Internet portals, which are themselves catalogs of resources, service and instrumental computer software, electronic representations of paper publications, electronic educational tools and means of measuring learning outcomes, resources containing news, announcements and means for communication of participants in the educational process ...
The largest number of information resources are aimed at the use of teachers and schoolchildren in the course of the educational process. Some of these resources are intended for use in the traditional education system in accordance with state educational standards and exemplary programs for each academic discipline. Other educational resources are intended for extracurricular and extracurricular work of schoolchildren, deepening knowledge and independent study (for students and applicants). Resources of a reference and encyclopedic nature, as well as means of measuring, monitoring and evaluating the results of educational activities are allocated.
Using the information resources of the Internet, teachers will be able to more effectively manage the cognitive activity of schoolchildren, quickly track the results of learning and upbringing, take reasonable and appropriate measures to improve the level of training and the quality of knowledge of students, purposefully improve pedagogical skills, have prompt targeted access to the required educational information, methodological and organizational nature. Educators engaged in the development of their own information resources acquire an additional opportunity to use fragments of educational resources published on the network, making the necessary links and observing copyright.
Students' access to information resources on the Internet will provide schoolchildren with the basic and additional educational material necessary for learning at school, completing teacher assignments, independent learning and organizing leisure activities. Thanks to such resources, schoolchildren have the opportunity to quickly get acquainted with the news, learn about the ongoing Olympiads, competitions, consult, communicate with teachers and peers. Applicants will find in the information resources of the Internet the information necessary to continue their education - information about institutes, universities and academies, terms and conditions of admission, educational and methodological materials necessary to prepare for entrance examinations.
Parents of schoolchildren and members of the public, using the information resources of the Internet, will be able to learn more about the development and functioning of the federal and regional education systems, get acquainted with the curricula, programs and recommendations of teachers, and have a feasible impact on improving the quality of general secondary education.
Using the information resources of the Internet, the administration of educational institutions will be able to make effective management decisions, correlating them with the current legislation and regulations, objectively assess the activities of teachers, promptly interact with colleagues, increasing the overall level of planning and administration of the educational institution.
It is advisable to use the main part of information resources to increase the efficiency of teaching schoolchildren in all disciplines of the educational program of general secondary education.
It is important to understand that the use of information resources on the Internet must be preliminarily correlated by teachers with the main components of the methodological training system being implemented - goals, content, methods, organizational forms and teaching aids used. The resources used must fit into this system, do not contradict and correspond to its components.
Particular attention should be paid to the selection and development of teaching methods using information resources of the Internet. Among such methods can be proposed search and use by schoolchildren of educational information that is significant from the point of view of learning goals, project-research activities of students based on interaction with Internet resources, use of the communication components of such resources for educational communication between students and teachers.

Education is the foundation on which the future of our country is built. The worthy future of our country is learning within the walls of schools and universities. We, teachers, need to provide them with access to world knowledge through electronic information communications to the World Wide Web (WWW). Information resources of the Internet are a convenient source of information and knowledge, since they contain not only a huge number of documents, but also high-quality information. The Internet is a distributed system that provides access to interconnected documents on various computers and connected to the WWW. The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technology, because are formed by millions of web servers and they are all based on hypertext technology. Hypertext documents posted on the World Wide Web are called web pages, united by a common theme. To download and view web pages, special browser programs are used. The WWW system provides various possibilities for searching for knowledge. A huge advantage is that we can save the required number of documents from the World Wide Web in our file system. In my opinion, there is a very convenient feature - Search History. It helps in case the query name is lost. With the help of History, you can perform it many more times and download the required document, knowledge. WWW information spaces are constantly updated. This allows students to obtain the necessary information from the world's information resources, to search for the necessary information in various information areas: databases, electronic libraries, websites using query languages \u200b\u200band catalogs. Various technologies for searching for information on the Internet can be used to obtain regulatory, legal, legislative, reference, socio-economic, scientific and technical, access to scientific libraries, international patent information systems, entrepreneurial knowledge networks, etc. Thus, practical skills for the effective use of knowledge in the future professional activity of the master.

Bibliographic reference

Information resources of the Internet

The World Wide Web

The global Internet attracts users with its information resources and services (services), which are regularly used by about a billion people in all countries of the world.

The rapid development of the Internet, which has been taking place over the past 15 years, is primarily due to the emergence of the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web is a loose translation of the English phrase "World Wide Web", which is often referred to as WWW or Web.

World Wide Web Technology. The World Wide Web uses hypertext technology, in which documents are linked using hyperlinks.

As link pointers Web pages can use text fragments that are highlighted with color and underlining, as well as graphics that are framed. Activation of the link pointer on the original Web page (for example, by clicking the mouse) leads to a transition to the desired Web page (Figure 6.10).

The World Wide Web are hundreds of millions of Web servers on the Internet containing hundreds of billions of Web pages that use hypertext technology.

The web page can be multimedia, that is, it can contain various multimedia objects: graphics, animation, sound and video.

The web page can be interactive, that is, contain forms with fields that are used when registering users of free e-mail, when shopping in online stores, etc.

Thematically related Web pages are usually in the form Web site, that is, an integral system of documents linked together into a single whole by means of links.

Web page address. Currently, the Internet's Web servers host a vast number of Web pages. You can find a Web page on the Internet by using a Web page address.

Web page address includes a method for accessing the document and the name of the Internet server that hosts the document.

The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used as a method of accessing Web pages. When recording a protocol, its name is followed by a colon and two slashes: http: //

As an example, let's write down the address of the title page of the Computer Science and Information Technology Web site. The page is located on the server iit.metodist.ru, therefore, the address takes the form:

http://iit.metodist.ru

Browsers. Browsing Web pages is carried out using special viewers - browsers. Currently, the most common browsers are Internet Explorer, Mozilla, and Opera.

The browser window (Fig. 6.11) contains the standard elements of the application window:
- window menu containing sets of commands File, Edit, View, Favorites, Service and reference;
- toolbar, the buttons of which allow you to switch from one Web page to another (buttons Forward, Back, Home), as well as manage the process of their loading (buttons Stop, Refresh);
- text field Address:, into which the Internet address of the desired Web page is entered from the keyboard or selected from the list;
- the work area in which web pages are viewed.

Figure: 6.11. Internet Explorer, Mozilla and Opera browsers

Virtual travel on the World Wide Web. If the computer is connected to the Internet, then you can launch one of the browsers and go on a virtual trip on the World Wide Web. The browser will automatically load the initial Web page (the address of the Web page from which the journey begins can be changed using the browser settings).

When a Web page is opened in a browser on a user's computer, it travels a long way from a remote Internet server through communication channels through several intermediate Internet servers. The speed of loading a Web page depends not on the distance to the Web server, but on the number of intermediate servers and the quality of communication lines through which information is transmitted from server to server. There may be a situation where a Web page is loaded much faster from a server on a different continent than from a server on a nearby street.

To go to another web page in the text box Address: you must enter its Internet address. Many Web pages contain hyperlinks to other Web pages, so further travel on the World Wide Web can be continued by activating one of them.

In the process of reading a book (textbook, reference book, encyclopedia), it is often required to return to the material read. For faster search of the desired page, so-called "bookmarks" are often inserted into the book. In the process of surfing the World Wide Web, it is advisable to save the Internet addresses of interesting Web pages as "bookmarks" in the browser. To visit such a page, it will be enough to activate one of the "bookmarks".

test questions

1. What function do hyperlinks perform in the technology of the World Wide Web?

2. What are the parts of a web page address?

6.5. Short answer assignment. Record the address of the Web page stored on an Internet server registered in the first-level domain ru, the second-level domain schools and which has its own name www.

Email

Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most common service on the Internet. It is historically the first information service of computer networks and does not require the obligatory availability of high-speed and high-quality communication lines.

Email has several significant advantages over regular mail. The most important of these is the speed at which messages are sent. If a letter by regular mail can go to the addressee for days and weeks, then a letter sent by e-mail reduces the transmission time to several tens of seconds or, in the worst case, to several hours.

Another advantage is that an email can contain not only a text message, but also attachments (programs, graphics, sound, etc.). In addition, e-mail allows you to send a message to several subscribers at once, forward letters to other addresses, etc.

E-mail address. In order for an e-mail to reach the addressee, in addition to the message itself, it must contain the e-mail address of the recipient of the letter.

The first part of the usename mail address is arbitrary and is set by the user himself when registering a mailbox. The second part server.ru is the name of the Internet mail server on which the user has registered his mailbox.

E-mail address is written in a specific form and consists of two parts, separated by the @ symbol: [email protected]

The e-mail address is written only in Latin letters and should not contain spaces. For example, if the mail server has the name metodist.ru, then the names of users' mailboxes will look like:

[email protected]

E-mail addresses are stored on the user's computer in the Address Book database. The address book contains the subscriber's name, e-mail address, phone number and other data (Fig. 6.12).

Figure: 6.12. Database "Address Book"

Functioning of e-mail. An Internet user can register a mailbox on the provider's mail server, in which transmitted and received emails will be accumulated.

The mail program is used to create a mail message on the local computer. At this stage, in addition to writing the text of the message, you must specify the address of the recipient of the message (you can take it from the "Address Book"), the subject of the message and attach files to the message, if necessary.

The process of sending a message begins by connecting to the Internet and delivering the message to your mailbox on a remote mail server. The mail server will immediately send this message through the Internet mail server system to the recipient's mail server in their mailbox.

To receive a letter, the addressee must connect to the Internet and deliver mail from his mailbox on a remote mail server to his local computer (Fig. 6.13).

Mail programs usually provide the user with numerous additional services for working with mail (choosing addresses from the address book, automatically sending messages to specified addresses, etc.).

Outlook Express mail program. To work with e-mail, special mail programs are required. The mail program Outlook Express, which is included in the Windows operating system, is very popular. After launching Outlook Express, the application window appears, which consists of four parts (Fig. 6.14).

Figure: 6.14. Outlook Express window

At the top left of the window is a list of folders where emails are stored:
- Inbox - contains received letters;
- Outbox - contains letters sent from the moment of creation to the moment of delivery from the user's local computer to the provider's mail server;
- Sent - contains all letters delivered to the mail server;
- Deleted - contains deleted messages;
- Drafts - contains letter templates.

The user can create their own folders to store thematically grouped emails.

In the lower left part of the window there is a list of contacts, which provides access to information stored in the "Address Book" database (e-mail addresses, phone numbers, etc.).

The right window is divided into two parts. At the top, a list of messages stored in the selected folder is displayed.

The content of the selected message is displayed at the bottom of the right window.

Web-based e-mail. Some mail servers provide users with the ability to work with e-mail using a Web interface. Work with Web-mail can be done using any browser. An essential feature of Web mail is that all messages are permanently stored on the remote mail server rather than on the user's local computer.

Many Web mail servers offer anyone who wants to register a free mailbox. Registered users must enter their login and password, after which they can enter the mail system. For new users, the registration procedure is offered (Fig. 6.15).

Figure: 6.15. Login to Webmail

test questions

1. What are the advantages of email over regular mail?

2. What are the parts of an email address?

3. How does email work?

Self-help assignments

6.6. Short answer assignment. Write down the e-mail address registered by the user fio on the zmail.ru mail server.

File archives

File archive servers. Tens of thousands of Internet servers are file archive servers and host hundreds of millions of files of various types (programs, device drivers, graphics and sound files, etc.). The presence of such file archive servers is very convenient for users, since many of the necessary files can be "downloaded" directly from the Internet.

File servers are supported by many software companies and manufacturers of computer hardware and peripherals. The software hosted on such servers is freely distributed or shareware, and therefore, by "downloading" this or that file, the user does not violate the copyright law for the software.

File download managers. For the convenience of users, many file archive servers (freeware.ru, www.freesoft.ru, www.download.ru) have a Web interface, which allows working with them using browsers. Browsers are integrated systems for working with various Internet information resources and therefore include file download managers.

However, it is more convenient to use specialized file download managers for working with file archives, which allow you to continue downloading the file after the connection to the server is broken. File download managers provide the user with detailed information in numerical and graphical form about the file download process (file size, volume of the downloaded part, including percentage, download speed, elapsed and remaining download time, etc.).

Some file download managers achieve an increase in download speed by splitting the file into parts and downloading all the parts at the same time. For example, in the FlashGet file download manager, the download process for each part of the file is displayed graphically in the lower part of the application window (Figure 6.16).

File address on the file archive server. Access to files on file archive servers is possible both via the HTTP protocol and the special file transfer protocol FTP (File Transfer Protocol). The FTP protocol allows not only uploading files from remote file archive servers to a local computer, but also vice versa, transferring files from a local computer to a remote server.

File address includes the method of accessing the file and the name of the Internet server that hosts the file.

If the FTP file transfer protocol is used as a way to access the file.exe stored on the ftp.metodist.ru server, the file address will be written as follows:

ftp://ftp.metodist.ru/file.exe

test questions

1. What files are usually stored on file archive servers?

2. What parts does the file address on the file archive server consist of?

Self-help assignments

6.7. Short answer assignment. Make a note of the address of the program.exe file stored on a computer registered in the first-level domain w, the second-level domain schools and which has its own name ftp.

Chatting in Internet

Recently, communication on the Internet in real time has become more and more widespread. Increased data transfer rates and increased computer performance enable users to not only exchange real-time text messages, but also perform audio and video communications.

Real-time communication servers. There are thousands of servers on the Internet that provide real-time communication. Any user can connect to such a server and start communicating with one of the visitors of this server or participate in a group meeting.

The simplest way to communicate "conversation", or chat (English chat) is an exchange of messages typed from the keyboard. You enter a message using the keyboard, and it is displayed in a window that all meeting participants see at the same time.

If your computer, as well as the computers of the interlocutors, are equipped with a sound card, microphone and headphones or speakers, then you can exchange audio messages. However, a "live" conversation is possible simultaneously only between two interlocutors.

In order for you to be able to see each other, that is, to exchange video images, webcams must be connected to the computers.

Interactive communication using the ICQ system. In recent years, interactive communication through ICQ servers has become very popular (this three-letter abbreviation is formed from the consonance of the words "I seek you" - "I am looking for you").

The ICQ interactive communication system integrates various forms of communication: e-mail, text messaging (chat), Internet telephony, file transfer, searching the network for people, etc. (Fig. 6.17).

Figure: 6.17. ICQ interactive communication program

Currently, ICQ has nearly 200 million registered users, with each user having a unique identification number. After connecting to the Internet, the user can start communicating with any user registered in the ICQ system and currently connected to the Internet.

Internet telephony. Internet telephony is used to transmit voice data over the Internet computer network. Providers of Internet telephony use special equipment to connect the Internet computer network and the regular telephone network. The user can use the services of Internet telephony and call directly from a computer (see Fig. 6.18) or from a regular phone, having previously dialed the number of an Internet telephony provider.

It is beneficial to use Internet telephony for calls to remote settlements and countries of the world, since a minute of such communication is much cheaper than the tariffs for long-distance and international telephone communication.

test questions

1. What forms of real-time communication exist on the Internet?

Mobile Internet

Mobile telephone network. At present, the mobile telephone network has covered almost the entire world, and the number of mobile phone users is approaching one billion people. The exchange of information between mobile phones is carried out using a network consisting of antennas of cellular stations, interconnected by information transmission channels.

The mobile network allows you to transfer not only voice messages, but also data. Using mobile phones, you can exchange short text messages SMSas well as multimedia messaging MMSthat allow you to send ringing tones for phones and graphics (for example, photos taken with the camera built into your phone).

Data exchange between the mobile telephone network and the computer network Internet. The mobile telephone network and the Internet computer network allow the transmission of data and voice messages, and therefore it is advisable to combine their information resources. Mobile phone operators and Internet providers provide the ability to transfer data between these networks (Figure 6.18).

Data exchange between networks allows, for example, to transfer e-mail messages from a mobile phone to an Internet mailbox, and from a computer connected to the Internet, send SMS messages to a mobile phone.

Internet access using a mobile phone. Many models of mobile phones have a built-in modem, so for wireless Internet access, you just need to connect your mobile phone to your computer and call your provider. Once your computer is connected to the Internet, you can "surf" the World Wide Web, work with e-mail, "download" files and use any other Internet resources, just like a normal cable connection. The disadvantage of such a connection is the low data transfer rate (no more than 9.6 Kbps) and the high cost per minute of connection.

Full high-speed Internet access from a mobile phone can be carried out using the technology GPRS, at which the maximum possible data transfer rate is 170 Kbps (this is approximately 3 times faster than access via dial-up telephone lines). It is important that this technology provides immediate access to the Internet, without the need to dial up to an Internet provider and allows simultaneous conversation on a mobile phone and data exchange between the computer and the Internet.

Connecting a mobile phone to a computer can be done in various ways: using a cable to the COM port, using a cable to a USB port, or wirelessly to an infrared port (Fig. 6.19).

To access information resources of the Internet directly from mobile phones, you can use WAP-browsers... WAP sites are specially adapted for the capabilities of a mobile phone (two-color graphics, small screen and small memory) and contain news, weather forecast, exchange rates, etc. From WAP sites, you can send an e-mail message or take part in a WAP chat.

test questions

1. What is the difference between Internet telephony and mobile Internet?

2. What data can be transferred from the mobile telephone network to the computer network Internet? From the Internet to a mobile network?

Sound and video on the Internet

Sound and video files have a large information volume. To transfer such files over computer networks in standard digital formats, high-bandwidth communication lines are required. High quality digital stereo sound with a sampling rate of 48000 times per second and a coding depth of 16 bits requires a bit rate equal to:

16 bits × 48,000 s -1 \u003d 1,536,000 bits / s \u003d 1,500 Kbps »1.5 Mbit / s.

Digital video of the television standard requires a data transmission rate of about 240 Mbps for image transmission.

To reduce the volume of audio and video files without visible loss of quality, special methods of file compression are used, based on the removal of audio or video information that is not perceived by humans.

Streaming audio and video. Audio and video streaming technologies have become widespread on the Internet. These technologies transfer audio and video files in chunks to the local computer buffer, allowing them to be streamed even when using a dial-up connection. Reducing the channel bit rate can lead to temporary dropouts in audio or video frames.

To listen to streaming sound and watch streaming video, multimedia players (Windows Media Player, WinAmp, etc.) are used. During playback of a streaming media file, the user receives information about the bit rate and can adjust the playback quality.

There are quite a few radio and television stations that broadcast over the Internet. Widely popular are Web cameras installed in various parts of the world (on city streets, in museums, in nature reserves, etc.) and continuously transmitting images (Fig. 6.20).

test questions

1.Why is it necessary to compress audio and video files when transferring over the Internet?

Federal Agency for Education

GOU VPO "Kemerovo State University"

Department of Marketing

Internet information resources

Performed by a student of group E - 063

Lopatkina O.K.

Checked by Ph.D., associate professor

Shandakov Yu.D.

Kemerovo 2010

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… ... 3

The concept of an information resource and its diversity ……………………… .5

Information resources of the Internet in Russia ……………………………… ..15

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… .21

List of used literature ………………………………………… ... 22

Introduction

The global computer network, the Internet, began as a defense project funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense. The goal of the project was to develop a computer network designed to ensure the stable functioning of the country's management system in a nuclear war. The first documents describing the technical requirements for the system appeared in 1964, in 1969 the first four computers were combined into a real network. This network is called ARPANET. In 1971, the network had 14 computers, and in 1972 - 37. The seventies were the time of network growth and debugging of the interconnection technology within the framework of the ARPANET. In 1982, the Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) were published. From this point on, the combination of "TCP / IP" entered the lexicon of networking specialists, which was firmly entrenched in the entire family of documents and standards related to the work of ARPANET, and later on the Internet. The Internet itself appeared as a result of a large computer program of the US National Science Foundation. To conduct scientific research, the Foundation organized several computing centers throughout the country and equipped them with supercomputers. In order for specialists involved in fundamental research to be able to use the computing power of these computer centers, they were all united into a single computer network. It was originally planned to use ARPANET for these purposes, but for various reasons, the administration of the latter did not allow the connection of American universities to the defense network. As a result, the Foundation created its own NSFNET. As the basis of this network, the means of interconnection developed within the framework of the ARPANET project were chosen. During this time, the first six Internet domains appeared: gov, mil, edu, com, org, and net. Each of these abbreviations hides its own network: gov - a network of government organizations, mil - a network of military organizations, edu - a network of universities, com - a network of commercial organizations, org - nongovernmental and non-profit organizations, net - a network of organizations responsible for the functioning of the Network itself ...

By capitalizing on the word "network", we distinguish between the networks that make up the Internet and the Internet itself as a collection of different networks. Currently, the Internet, in addition to NSFNET, includes about several hundred different networks. Common to all of these networks is the fact that they use a single mechanism to exchange information among themselves, which is called the technology of internetworking information - the TCP / IP protocol family. The main points of this technology are a single address system for all computers in the network, a single form of information exchange between networks - the IP protocol and protocols for exchanging data with software installed on the computers of the Network, which use IP to exchange information.

As a scientific communication tool for the NSF program, the Internet has become the main vehicle for the preliminary publication of research results. Almost all laboratories in the world that have access to the Internet began to place their preprints in electronic form in the archives of the Internet, and only after that they publish printed copies of these works.

The concept of an information resource and its diversity

An information resource on the Internet is an array of data compiled and sorted by a certain attribute, a kind of information, which has a strict structure. Thanks to information resources, the Internet has gained deserved popularity in recent years. Everyone who has connected their computer to the World Wide Web has access to resources.

So, the Internet is a network of networks that unites millions of computers around the world. You can find everything from government decrees and library index cards to contemporary music and biographies of Hollywood stars; from the texts of modern bestsellers to the masterpieces of world classical literature; from a children's art gallery to complex databases and serious system programs.

It should be noted that, in the first place, the World Wide Web pages were created on the Internet by almost everyone who published materials before the advent of the Web. Currently, all electronic publications on the Web can be divided into several categories. These are, firstly, advertising pages, secondly, these are electronic periodicals, and thirdly, these are serious electronic monographs and reference books. Let's dwell on each of these types of publications.

Advertising materials are published on the Web most widely. Web pages with various kinds of advertisements are the most common. Typically, ads are hosted on their own servers. Almost all companies that are somehow connected with the computer business have their own pages. If you want and have time to get acquainted with press releases from Microsoft, IBM, DEC, Apple, Symantec, etc., there is no need to read computer magazines. Firms themselves publish various kinds of information about themselves, ranging from the history of creation and founding fathers, and ending with the characteristics of the latest products of the company and price lists. Here you can also find reports of company representatives at various conferences and exhibitions, as well as their interviews with various specialized publications. All these materials are richly illustrated with graphics and photographs. Often, you can even hear the greetings or addresses of company leaders to Web users, if the capabilities of the computer and its software allow. The quality of these promotional materials often matches their printed counterparts.

Directories occupy a special place among the materials on the Web. If we are talking about commercial information or commercial products, then they can also be attributed to advertising, but in addition to the commercial use of the Web, which, according to some estimates, makes up 30-40% of the entire set of Web pages, there is also a non-commercial service for Internet users, which is carried out either at public expense or at the expense of the enthusiasm of individuals. There is so much in the catalogs of the Web: these are lists of famous film actors, these are tables of contents for CDs, these are lists of hit parades, and much more. All this is illustrated, for example, by photographs of movie divas, or recordings of fragments of musical compositions. There are reference books on ancient art, reference books on the history of aviation or navy, science fiction catalogs.

The first of the printed periodicals of the World Wide Web began to master illustrated magazines. There are several reasons for this activity. First, it is the age and gender of Internet users. According to the data of numerous surveys conducted among people using the network in 1995, more than half (69%) of the respondents are persons aged 25 to 45 years. The most massive group of users is 30-40-year-old men. Women make up no more than 20% of all Internet users. Secondly, it is the professional composition of users and their education. Up to 70% are engaged in business or computer technology, more than half have higher education. The stereotype that network technologies are the lot of the young is not entirely accurate. Students and youth under 30 make up no more than one fifth of all netizens. Accordingly, entertainment magazines are divided in the same proportion. The bulk of them are such publications as Fortune, Time, Playboy, Penthouse, UFO Library, etc. It should be noted that nowadays electronic copies of printed editions are rather a digest of a printed edition. Companies producing printed materials, on the one hand, are interested in attracting new readers, and on the other hand, one cannot lose traditional clients of printed publications. To solve this problem, a combined approach is used, which consists in the fact that, firstly, a network user can subscribe to the publication without leaving his computer by transferring the necessary amount of money to the account of the publisher or intermediary company, or by writing off the corresponding amount from the credit cards. At the same time, operations with cards can also be performed using your computer. Secondly, you can subscribe to the electronic version of the publication. In this case, after the transfer of money, the user is registered in the information service of the publication, i.e. assign a specific name and password, using which the user can enter the protected sections of the edition database. In connection with the latter possibility and the expansion of data protection means when exchanging them over the network, the number of commercial closed for public use information resources of the Internet began to increase.

Electronic newspapers are another type of periodical publications on the network, which began to master the new Internet technology - the World Wide Web. Electronic newspapers appeared somewhat later than magazines, with a delay of about six months. The main obstacle to the newspaper business is the complexity of preparing publications for the Web. The first publications of this kind were Computer World, PC Magazine Daily and other computer publications. The presentation of materials in these newspapers differs from similar materials in the printed original. First, the page size of an electronic publication is limited by the size of the computer display screen. Secondly, when submitting materials, one should take into account such capabilities of modern programs for controlling the display of information on the display screen, as the simultaneous opening of several windows, in which you can place either different pages of text, or place a picture explaining the text. This allows information to be "condensed" on the display screen. This simply cannot be done in a regular print edition. Electronic authors also take into account the possibility of audio presentation of the material, which is extremely useful when publishing interviews. In addition, as reviews, they often publish not an extensive text, but a set of graphic materials: bar graphs, pie charts, accompanied by a text commentary. Obviously, this creates a completely new type of publication, very different in form and design from the traditional printed original.

The most fundamental electronic editions on the Web are analogs of large printed editions such as the Bible or various encyclopedias implemented in the World Wide Web technology. It should immediately be noted that in this case we are not talking about simple copying of texts. Materials of this kind are immediately implemented taking into account the limitations and new possibilities of computer technology. An example of a hypertext organization is Britannica Online. This project is associated with the organization on the Internet of one of the oldest encyclopedias in the world - the encyclopedia "Britannica". The electronic version of Britannica is a rather complex conglomerate of information technology. The main thing in this information database is the presentation of encyclopedia articles in the form of hypertext pages in the format of the hypertext markup language - HTML, which is used to publish materials on the World Wide Web. Each article has links with the next article in the text version of the encyclopedia and the previous article. In addition, each article is linked to other articles by hypertext links that are used in the text of the article, and a database of personalities, countries, and graphic illustrations. In addition, for navigation through the encyclopedia, there is a table of contents, an index and a mechanism for searching articles by keywords. The table of contents and index are lists of hypertext links. Moreover, if in the table of contents the links point to the articles of the encyclopedia, then in the index the links point to the lists of articles, which in turn are also lists of hypertext links. The search apparatus of the encyclopedia is of particular interest. It is based on the use of the technology of the Internet distributed information retrieval system - WAIS (Wide Area Information System). The result of WAIS work is a list of hypertext links to encyclopedia articles that the system generates on the fly. This list outwardly does not differ in any way from the index list, for example, but from the point of view of the system, they are completely different objects. The index list actually exists as a World Wide Web database file, and the lists that WAIS generates do not really exist, but are temporary formation and are generated by user requests. Registered users can save the lists obtained in this way for later use when working with the system.

This project is not a charity and you have to pay money for access to the resources of the encyclopedia. For a user who uses the database for their "home" purposes, the fee is set at $ 150 per year, for university students - $ 120 per year, for businessmen - $ 300 per year. Subscribers can be not only individuals, but also organizations, here the fee is set depending on the scale of the organization and the type of its statutory activities. In each case, the amount of the contribution is set individually. However, not everything is so tough. In order to get acquainted with the encyclopedia, it is not at all necessary to pay the fees listed above. There are two ways to decide whether you need the Britannica encyclopedia in your work or not. The first way is to demonstrate its capabilities. Here the user is offered to walk along a pre-laid route and understand how the system works. The second way is much more interesting - it is a seven-day free use of the encyclopedia. In this case, the reader must register, receive a name and password, and then he can work in the system.

There are other encyclopedias in the Internet feed of Britannica, such as the science fiction encyclopedia or the wine encyclopedia. Moreover, access to them is completely free.

At one time, any organization had information departments in its structure. In scientific organizations, they were called departments of scientific and technical information. The main task of these departments was to search for information on the profile of the organization, maintain a thematic library and promptly inform specialists about the materials of periodicals. The notion that you can find everything on the Internet yourself is wrong. The network is too large for every user to view all available information archives, even if they have the necessary search services. Therefore, one of the forms of activity on the Web has become the organization of commercial information services. The most popular commercial services of this type are Yahoo and Galaxy.

Information services are hierarchical lists of information resources very similar to subject library catalogs. As a rule, in addition to the subject catalog, there is a catalog of Internet information resources, sorted by country, and a special page for running queries using keywords. Users can use each of these alternatives to their liking. For the first acquaintance with the system, they usually use a thematic directory and, moving through it, they look for the necessary World Wide Web pages. Here, however, one should take into account the fact that the concept of the subject area and the terms that characterize it, the creators of the system and the user can seriously differ. Adaptation requires a certain amount of time, which at first glance is wasted. However, the same thing happens when working with conventional information retrieval systems and when you first get to know new magazines. The creators of information catalogs are striving to get closer to perfection, but so far they have not been very successful. There is no single thematic breakdown on the Web such as the Universal Decimal Classification adopted in librarianship, so subject catalogs can differ significantly from one another. So the World Wide Web Consortium's directory is very long. The first page takes up several display screens, which is not very convenient. The Yahoo and Galaxy directories are split into many nested subdirectories. This makes each page more compact and easier to view. However, this also has its drawbacks: a large number of nesting pages into each other can lead to a loss of user orientation in the directory tree.

National resources also have different sequencing systems. In some cases, the administrative division of the country is taken as a basis, and in others, resources are ordered according to their belonging to the sphere of human activity, for example, university resources, government resources, commercial information resources, etc. There are catalogs in which both approaches are combined, and then the database of national information resources contains two or more tables of contents.

Searching for pages by keywords is an integral part of any information directory on the Web. Usually, special fields for entering keywords are used for searching, which can be combined into search queries using the conjunction words "or", "and". In this case, the word "and" indicates that the keywords must simultaneously occur in the sought document, and the word "or" requires one of the specified words to appear in the document. The search page can be combined with the first page of the directory, as is done in Yahoo, or be an addition to the directory and downloaded separately. How it is implemented in Galaxy. When forming a query, you can use a simple form, when you simply enter a list of words, or go to a more complex structure, where you can even specify parts of documents where the search should be carried out and where not. The search results are displayed as a list of the names of the documents found, which is also a Web page. The difference between this page and others is that such a page does not exist in any database on the network. It is created on the fly by a search program, but if the system allows it, it can be saved as one of the user's pages.

Concluding the conversation about catalogs, you should pay attention to the catalog of electronic publications. The authors of this directory scanned the entire Internet and included in their list only those links that are related to the publication of materials on the Internet. The name of this EDOC directory is Electronic Documents. As the name suggests, this catalog contains not only newspapers, magazines, reference books, but also all types of electronic texts and not even texts (catalogs of paintings, museums, exhibitions, etc.).

The last type of electronic documents worth mentioning are publications prepared taking into account new computer technologies and specifically for publication on the Web. It is simply impossible to publish these materials in the form of ordinary books. All these products are called virtual literature. Virtual literature can be subdivided into specialty, entertainment and research in the field of virtual publishing. Specialized literature is made up of specialized journals, specialized reference books and textbooks. Entertainment literature is illustrated magazines, fiction (poetry, science fiction, fairy tales for adults and children, etc.), and research is publications designed to demonstrate new ways of organizing information and presenting it to Internet users.

Specialty magazines are mainly computer publications such as the journal of the National Center for Applied Software for Supercomputers "Access". In this edition, each article is framed in the form of hypertext. The body of the article has built-in table graphics and even the results of dynamic modeling in the form of movie clips. As a rule, graphics are prepared separately from the text and displayed at the special request of the user. At one time, very interesting material was presented on the simulation of the collision of the comet Shoemaker-Levy with the planet Jupiter. Communication about this experiment was accompanied by short films showing the collision process from different angles. The report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States (NASA) was also interesting, in which the Earth's surface was dynamically displayed during the flight of one of the American spaceships in 1995.

Reference books are, perhaps, the first publications on the Web, which were implemented in the World Wide Web technology. In 1994, the best special edition of the World Wide Web was recognized as a guide to oncology, which was designed for three types of different users: patients, students and specialists. The handbook contained information on both typical oncological diseases and special cases that a doctor may encounter while treating various cancers.

Textbooks are the third type of hypermedia publications that are available online. None of the types of virtual literature has a deeper rationale and more detailed study of implementations than a textbook distributed on a network. In the USA, as part of the work to create an information superhighway, a virtual public university project was launched. To substantiate the possibility of such an educational institution, a historical analysis of various forms of higher education, from antiquity to the present, was carried out. Given the level of development of modern computing technology, it was recognized that a virtual public university is quite real and will provide its students with a sufficient level of professional training. In addition to the functions of a standard college, such a university could easily be entrusted with the tasks of retraining industrial personnel. Naturally, the university cannot do without teaching aids. But in a virtual university, the textbooks must also be virtual. For medical faculties, it is no longer necessary to go to the anatomical doctor and cut corpses. All this can be done in virtual reality, or eventually behind a display screen. Of course, there is an opinion, and it is well founded, that real practice can never be replaced by models. There are many examples of this. But in this case, apparently it is worth talking about a balanced combination of the use of software tools and practical exercises. Returning to the manuals of the virtual university, we can say that historians can now at their desk, view archival materials and video recordings of historical events, listen to the voices of historical figures, lawyers participate in imaginary trials, and physicists can conduct experiments on the fission of radioactive materials without threatening this to others. In a word, it is a fantasy, but a real fantasy, the elements of which have already been implemented.

The last object that I would like to touch upon when describing the Internet as a virtual publishing house are systems like MUD (Multi-User Dungeons). This can be translated into Russian as "Multiplayer dungeons", which became the development of the game "Dungeons and Dragons". If we assume that comics are publications, then the "dungeons" are also electronic publications. The fact is that any fairy tale, detective story, chronicle can also be organized in the form of a distributed software environment that will imitate the original source. However, network technology introduces into such an implementation its own, inherent features only - the possibility of simultaneous work of several users and the real time scale. MUD is, in fact, a virtual second life in a fictional environment. She can be described by roles, and in this case, each of her characters begins to act in accordance with the laws of their character, and this is a real person who can be many thousands of kilometers from other participants in the action. Until recently, MUD, like the entire Internet, was the lot of amateurs, but for the high-quality implementation of graphics and video, professionals and large financial investments are needed. As the number of network users increases, the virtual environments industry and their commercial use will also develop. Psychologists already now foresee new problems that this technology will cause, new types of mental disorders, manias, etc. In their opinion, the main problem is that society is technically ready for the implementation of virtual environments, but legally and morally not ready.

But the Network has already become a serious factor in the life of developed countries. In 1995, the President of the United States announced the creation of an information highway as a national program, the European Community in 1994 considered the program of informatization of Europe, in Russia the success in using computer networks is more modest, but, nevertheless, about three large connection projects are developing in the country to the Internet of education and science. Apparently, the Internet will become one of the main means of international communications and the development of publishing in this direction is fully justified and timely.

Internet information resources in Russia

Today the Internet can be characterized as:

mass media,

information training structure,

grandiose world directory,

array for entertainment,

bulletin board.

Internet resources can be classified in many ways. The above is a classification according to the types of information presentation, and now let's look at examples of sites devoted to various thematic areas.

Government pages

There are official pages of government bodies on the Internet. The website "Official Russia" http://www.gov.ru contains information from the Government, the Security Council, the Federal Assembly, various legislative acts, as well as the official page of the President of Russia.

Industry information

Almost every field of activity is represented on the Internet. Truly the lion's share of all educational resources is located on the websites of universities and other universities in the country. This is a general reference information for applicants, a description of the activities of various faculties and departments, abstracts and student educational work, reports on current scientific developments. In addition, universities and colleges in large cities often post materials about the life of their region on their websites.

More and more often, universities organize distance learning. Students listen to lectures by teachers on the Internet, receive assignments and send the results of their work also via computer communication. Students do not pass tests and exams to teachers, but to a computer that objectively evaluates their knowledge. Until there is a consensus on the quality of this teaching method, there are still many problems, including technical ones. Nevertheless, optimists see mass distance learning as a near future.

Industrial enterprises provide information on their capacities, goods and services on the Internet. Indicative in this case is the page of the world-famous confectionery factory "Red October", which is located at http://www.redoct.msk.ru. I must say that not all factories and plants have their own servers on the Internet. More often, their activities are described on city pages.

Medical institutions publish information about their work, opportunities, successes. Pharmacies and drug manufacturing firms advertise new drugs and provide an opportunity to order their products. There is also a Russian medical server http://www.rusmedserv.com/, the creators of which have collected a large number of links to medical resources on the Russian Internet.

You cannot ignore the electronic pages of all kinds of cultural centers, museums, theaters, philharmonic societies. Not all of the listed organizations have the opportunity to post their materials on the Internet. And, nevertheless, the cultural life and the richest cultural heritage of Russia are reflected on the pages of the Hermitage http://www.hermitage.ru/ and the Bolshoi Theater http://www.bolshoi.ru/, the Moscow State Academic Philharmonic Society http: // www .philharmonia.ru / and on the pages dedicated to the 125th anniversary of F.I. Shaliapin http://www.sitek.ru/~shaliapin/

The number of Russian library resources is large. Such giants as:

State Public Scientific Technical Library http://www.gpntb.ru/,

Russian National Library http://www.nlr.ru/,

Russian State Library http://www.rsl.ru/,

The State Public Historical Library http://www.shpl.ru has rich colorful pages on the Internet.

Moreover, the State Public Scientific Technical Library and the Russian State Library have provided Internet access to their electronic catalogs.

The catalog is open around the clock to all visitors of the library's electronic space, and you can use it free of charge.

Commercial information

Commercial enterprises and organizations have launched advertising activities on the Internet. Searching for business partners, presenting their products, recruiting personnel for qualified work - these are the goals of placing tens of thousands of electronic pages in the world computer space.

In this section, it is necessary to especially mention the book and publishing firms that offer their services to all interested parties, including libraries. For example, the site of the publishing house "Radio and Communication" http://www.trade.com.ru/books/. On the first page, the publishing house not only publishes a list of new products, but also offers to immediately place an order for the selected books.

The site "Books of Russia" is grandiose in its volume http://books.ru/ A huge number of topics, a full price list. A real electronic store.

Press on the Internet

Most national newspapers and magazines have their own electronic versions. However, not all of them are provided free of charge. More often, the publisher requires first to pay for an electronic subscription, and then sends the subscriber an access password to its site. Consider the electronic pages of the Izvestia newspaper http://www.izvestia.ru. Here you can read a TV program, sports news, weather information for free. Clicking on the Izvestia link will give the user the opportunity to get acquainted with the announcement and the contents of the issue, but an attempt to read the article or get the entire issue will not be successful - the computer will ask for a username and password. On the other hand, there are also completely free periodicals. For example, the magazines Druzhba Narodov, Novy Mir, Zvezda, Yunost and others, whose addresses are presented on the Magazine Hall website. As well as independent online newspapers that do not have a paper equivalent: GAZETA.RU and LENTA.RU

Each publishing house can independently decide to publish its publication in electronic form. To the available examples of full-text periodicals we will add the addresses of such journals as “PC World” http://www.computerworld.ru, “If” http://sf.convex.ru/esli/, “World of Health” http: // www.agama.com/MEDICINE/hw/

Entertainment information

If a few years ago the concept of a home computer for many remained outside the real border, now the number of personal computers in the personal use of citizens has increased significantly. Moreover, with the help of telephone lines and modems - special devices for converting telephone signals into computer codes, users were able to connect to the global information network right from home. “There is no comrade for taste and color,” says a well-known proverb. But on the Internet you can find like-minded people, no matter how rare the topic is. Those who are fond of contemporary music will certainly find articles about famous and only rising "stars" in electronic resources. Popular films, serials, performances, one way or another, are reflected on the Internet sites. There are no number of pages dedicated to artists and singers: admirers of talent create entire computer photo galleries of their idols. The same is happening with writers and poets popular among young people. Correspondence clubs of lovers of creativity of this or that author are organized. Passionate people collect information and post biographies, photographs, articles and interviews about the writers they are interested in on websites.

The number of sites devoted to modern science fiction writers, the creators of detective and lyric novels, is especially large. Amateurs and enthusiasts successfully “build” huge libraries where you can find a complete collection of works by all the famous science fiction writers in the world in Russian and English, detective novels for every taste, works of classical prose and poetry.

Personal pages

There is the concept of "Home" or otherwise "Personal" user pages. Having vast experience in working with the Internet, you are convinced that there are not many private resources that are prepared, designed and maintained properly, so I will only note their existence without characterizing this area of \u200b\u200bthe network.

Availability of information on the Internet

So far, we have been talking about public Internet pages. Of course, it's great - to study such volumes of information for free. However, there is a considerable amount of data that is closed to the average user. One example of password-only information was already covered when talking about the press. The authors of the Izvestia website have provided some of the data for free viewing as advertising, and the main one - only for subscribers of the electronic newspaper. Other organizations do the same: in order for a potential client to familiarize himself with the content of the page, he is given the opportunity to view an advertising version of a newspaper or magazine, a demo search example in the case of an electronic catalog, and the like. Well, the product itself or access to databases is sold in the same way as any market item.

Conclusion

Summing up, it is worth emphasizing that Internet technologies in the use of information resources are advancing by leaps and bounds, and this greatly facilitates the search and collection of information on a required topic. At the same time, there are some shortcomings that will be corrected over time. Such disadvantages include some kind of contamination of the network with useless information, which often interferes with the search for certain materials. The lack of a unified, systematizing information and access to it program is also a significant obstacle.

List of used literature

1. Bagrin Yu. Internet as a new marketing channel // Marketing and advertising. - 1999. - No. 11.

2. Bokarev T.A. Ways of promoting a company on the Internet // Marketing and marketing research in Russia. - 1999. - No. 4.

3. Information resources of Russia - M .: STC Informregister, 2001.

4. Popov II, Maksimov NV, Khramtsov PB Introduction to network information resources and technologies: Textbook - M .: Russian State University for the Humanities, 2001.

5. Shvartsman M.E. On the issue of cataloging Internet resources // World of bibliography. - 1998. - No. 5.

After studying the material in this chapter, the student should:

know

• the concept of hypertext, which is the basis of the functioning of all major Internet services;
• features of the main types and genres of information resources of the World Wide Web;
• the most popular forms and means of supporting modern Internet communication, including the latest Internet services Web 2.0;

be able to

• correctly use new types of network information interaction, which have become part of our daily life in recent years;
• to neutralize the possible negative consequences of working in the network information space, including to prevent the manifestations of network dependence, which is dangerous for psychological health and hinders the normal socialization of a person;

own

• understanding of the patterns of appearance and the logic of development of computer networks;
• the idea of \u200b\u200bthe process of the formation of the genre features of the Internet content due to this logic;
• principles of effective use of different Internet genres;
• understanding of the sources of hazards arising when working on the Internet;
• the main principles of network information culture;
• basic rules of network information security.

Internet services

Basic internet services

Connecting to the Internet allows the user to work with information resources of various types, of which the most common types of information exchange are called "Internet services" (ie information actions provided by special software that most effectively serve specialized information requests user). The following services are currently available on the Internet:

• an information search based on the domain name system ( dNS service ), which ensures the availability of information;
• email, which serves to exchange messages between Internet users;
• chat (english IRC - Internet Relay Chat), designed to support real-time text communication;
• teleconferences (English BBS - Bulletin Board System – electronic bulletin board), video conferencing, or newsgroups (eng. newsgroup ), webinars (eng. webinar ), providing the possibility of collective messaging in real time or in the delayed interaction mode;
• file sharing (English FTP - File Transfer Protocol) , designed for interaction with file archives, in which files of various types are stored and sent;
• remote computer control (from the English. Telnet – TErminaL NETwork) , intended for communication and control of computers on the Web in text mode;
• The World Wide Web (English WWW, W3 - World Wide Web) is a hypertext hypermedia system designed to integrate various network resources into a single information space;
• Services Web 2.0 (eng. Web 2.0 ), providing for each Internet user the possibility of collective work with information resources of any modality;
• streaming media .

These services are called standard, since they are provided by computer software based on generally recognized standard technological solutions. In addition to standardized services, a lot of non-standard software tools constantly appear on the Internet and are offered to the user, which are created by various commercial software companies and individual non-commercial associations of programmers (most often working in universities). Among such programs, one can note the great success of programs that provide interpersonal communication, which include various messenger programs (eng. Instant. Messenger ) ICQ type, system internet, audio, video telephony (like Skype etc.), internet radio and internet television, systems e-distance learning (English LMS - Learning Management System ) (like Blackboard, WebCT, Moodle and etc.). When using non-standardized programs, problems may arise related to their technical incompatibility with other Internet services, which may appear, in particular, when working in different Internet browsers.

Most Popular Internet Services

The sphere of using the possibilities of the Internet is extremely extensive - it covers almost all types of informational interaction of a person with a person and a person with any technical device. However, not all the capabilities of the Internet have yet found their application in science and technology, as well as in the daily life of people. Both scientific and technical, and the mass development of the Internet continues, it goes so fast that futurists do not undertake to predict what other services will be able to develop on the basis of global computer networks. Today in the World Open Encyclopedia "Wikipedia" the following Internet services are marked as the most popular and demanded telecommunication services by the population:

• World Wide Web (hypertext information systems):
• web forums;
• blogs, Twitter;
• wiki projects (and, in particular, the encyclopedia "Wikipedia" itself);
• online stores;
• online auctions;
• social networks;
• email and mailing lists;
• newsgroups (mainly Usenet );
• file-sharing networks;
• electronic payment systems;
• internet radio;
• internet television;
• internet telephony;
• messengers;
• FTP servers;
• chats (both IRC and computer systems implemented as web chats);
• search engines;
• Internet advertising;
• remote access terminals;
• remote control of a computer and (or) any technical device;
• multiplayer games;
• Web 2.0 services;
• internet trading;
• distance learning on the Internet.