Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 7, 2011 N 899
"On approval of the priority directions of development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation and the list of critical technologies of the Russian Federation"
In order to modernize and develop the Russian economy and improve its competitiveness, I decide:
2. The Government of the Russian Federation to ensure the implementation of this Decree.
3. This Decree comes into force from the date of its signing.
|
President of Russian Federation |
D. Medvedev |
Priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation
(approved by Decree
With changes and additions from:
1. Security and countering terrorism.
2. Industry of nanosystems.
3. Information and telecommunication systems.
4. Life sciences.
5. Advanced types of weapons, military and special equipment.
6. Rational nature management.
Information about changes:
By the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 16, 2015 N 623, this annex was supplemented with clause 6.1
6.1. Robotic complexes (systems) for military, special and dual purposes.
7. Transport and space systems.
8. Energy efficiency, energy saving, nuclear energy.
Scroll
critical technologies of the Russian Federation
(approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 7, 2011 N 899)
1. Basic and critical military and industrial technologies for the creation of advanced types of weapons, military and special equipment.
2. Basic technologies of power electrical engineering.
3. Biocatalytic, biosynthetic and biosensor technologies.
4. Biomedical and veterinary technologies.
5. Genomic, proteomic and post-genomic technologies.
6. Cellular technologies.
7. Computer modeling of nanomaterials, nanodevices and nanotechnologies.
8. Nano-, bio-, informational, cognitive technologies.
9. Technologies of nuclear energy, nuclear fuel cycle, safe management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel.
10. Bioengineering technologies.
11. Technologies for diagnostics of nanomaterials and nanodevices.
12. Technologies for access to broadband multimedia services.
13. Technologies of information, control, navigation systems.
14. Technologies of nanodevices and microsystem equipment.
15. Technologies of new and renewable energy sources, including hydrogen energy.
16. Technologies for obtaining and processing structural nanomaterials.
17. Technologies for obtaining and processing functional nanomaterials.
18. Technologies and software for distributed and high-performance computing systems.
26. Technologies for creating energy-saving systems for transportation, distribution and use of energy.
27. Technologies for energy efficient production and conversion of energy using fossil fuels.
1. Security and countering terrorism.
2. Industry of nanosystems.
3. Information and telecommunication systems.
4. Life sciences.
5. Advanced types of weapons, military and special equipment.
6. Rational nature management.
7. Transport and space systems.
8. Energy efficiency, energy saving, nuclear energy.
List of critical technologies of the Russian Federation
1. Basic and critical military and industrial technologies for the creation of advanced types of weapons, military and special equipment.
2. Basic technologies of power electrical engineering.
3. Biocatalytic, biosynthetic and biosensor technologies.
4. Biomedical and veterinary technologies.
5. Genomic, proteomic and post-genomic technologies.
6. Cellular technologies.
7. Computer modeling of nanomaterials, nanodevices and nanotechnologies.
8. Nano-, bio-, informational, cognitive technologies.
9. Technologies of nuclear energy, nuclear fuel cycle, safe management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel.
10. Bioengineering technologies.
11. Technologies for diagnostics of nanomaterials and nanodevices.
12. Technologies for access to broadband multimedia services.
13. Technologies of information, control, navigation systems.
14. Technologies of nanodevices and microsystem equipment.
15. Technologies of new and renewable energy sources, including hydrogen energy.
16. Technologies for obtaining and processing structural nanomaterials.
17. Technologies for obtaining and processing functional nanomaterials.
18. Technologies and software for distributed and high-performance computing systems.
19. Technologies for monitoring and predicting the state of the environment, preventing and eliminating its pollution.
20. Technologies for prospecting, exploration, development of mineral deposits and their extraction.
21. Technologies for the prevention and elimination of natural and man-made emergencies.
22. Technologies for reducing losses from socially significant diseases.
23. Technologies for creating high-speed vehicles and intelligent control systems for new modes of transport.
24. Technologies for creating a new generation of rocket-space and transport equipment.
25. Technologies for creating an electronic component base and energy-efficient lighting devices.
26. Technologies for creating energy-saving systems for transportation, distribution and use of energy.
27. Technologies for energy efficient production and conversion of energy using fossil fuels.
PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
On approval of priority directions for the development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation and the list of critical technologies of the Russian Federation
Document with changes made:
.
____________________________________________________________________
In order to modernize and technological development of the Russian economy and increase its competitiveness
i decree:
1. To approve the attached:
a) priority directions for the development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation;
b) a list of critical technologies of the Russian Federation.
2. The Government of the Russian Federation to ensure the implementation of this Decree.
3. This Decree comes into force from the date of its signing.
President of Russian Federation
D. Medvedev
Priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation
1. Security and countering terrorism.
2. Industry of nanosystems.
3. Information and telecommunication systems.
4. Life sciences.
5. Advanced types of weapons, military and special equipment.
6. Rational nature management.
6_1. Robotic complexes (systems) for military, special and dual purposes.
(The item was additionally included by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 16, 2015 N 623)
7. Transport and space systems.
8. Energy efficiency, energy saving, nuclear energy.
List of critical technologies of the Russian Federation
1. Basic and critical military and industrial technologies for the creation of advanced types of weapons, military and special equipment.
2. Basic technologies of power electrical engineering.
3. Biocatalytic, biosynthetic and biosensor technologies.
4. Biomedical and veterinary technologies.
5. Genomic, proteomic and post-genomic technologies.
6. Cellular technologies.
7. Computer modeling of nanomaterials, nanodevices and nanotechnologies.
8. Nano-, bio-, informational, cognitive technologies.
9. Technologies of nuclear energy, nuclear fuel cycle, safe management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel.
10. Bioengineering technologies.
11. Technologies for diagnostics of nanomaterials and nanodevices.
12. Technologies for access to broadband multimedia services.
13. Technologies of information, control, navigation systems.
14. Technologies of nanodevices and microsystem equipment.
15. Technologies of new and renewable energy sources, including hydrogen energy.
16. Technologies for obtaining and processing structural nanomaterials.
17. Technologies for obtaining and processing functional nanomaterials.
18. Technologies and software for distributed and high-performance computing systems.
19. Technologies for monitoring and predicting the state of the environment, preventing and eliminating its pollution.
20. Technologies for prospecting, exploration, development of mineral deposits and their extraction.
21. Technologies for the prevention and elimination of natural and man-made emergencies.
22. Technologies for reducing losses from socially significant diseases.
23. Technologies for creating high-speed vehicles and intelligent control systems for new modes of transport.
24. Technologies for creating a new generation of rocket-space and transport equipment.
25. Technologies for creating an electronic component base and energy-efficient lighting devices.
26. Technologies for creating energy-saving systems for transportation, distribution and use of energy.
27. Technologies for energy efficient production and conversion of energy using fossil fuels.
Document revision taking into account
changes and additions prepared
JSC "Codex"
PRESIDENT OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION
U K A Z
In order to modernize and develop the Russian economy and improve its competitiveness, I decide:
1. To approve the attached:
A) priority directions for the development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation;
B) a list of critical technologies of the Russian Federation.
2. The Government of the Russian Federation to ensure the implementation of this Decree.
3. This Decree comes into force from the date of its signing.
President of Russian Federation
D. Medvedev
Priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation
1. Security and countering terrorism.
2. Industry of nanosystems.
3. Information and telecommunication systems.
4. Life sciences.
5. Advanced types of weapons, military and special equipment.
6. Rational nature management.
7. Transport and space systems.
8. Energy efficiency, energy saving, nuclear energy.
List of critical technologies of the Russian Federation
1. Basic and critical military and industrial technologies for the creation of advanced types of weapons, military and special equipment.
2. Basic technologies of power electrical engineering.
3. Biocatalytic, biosynthetic and biosensor technologies.
4. Biomedical and veterinary technologies.
5. Genomic, proteomic and post-genomic technologies.
6. Cellular technologies.
7. Computer modeling of nanomaterials, nanodevices and nanotechnologies.
8. Nano-, bio-, informational, cognitive technologies.
9. Technologies of nuclear energy, nuclear fuel cycle, safe management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel.
10. Bioengineering technologies.
11. Technologies for diagnostics of nanomaterials and nanodevices.
12. Technologies for access to broadband multimedia services.
13. Technologies of information, control, navigation systems.
14. Technologies of nanodevices and microsystem equipment.
15. Technologies of new and renewable energy sources, including hydrogen energy.
16. Technologies for obtaining and processing structural nanomaterials.
17. Technologies for obtaining and processing functional nanomaterials.
18. Technologies and software for distributed and high-performance computing systems.
19. Technologies for monitoring and predicting the state of the environment, preventing and eliminating its pollution.
20. Technologies for prospecting, exploration, development of mineral deposits and their extraction.
21. Technologies for the prevention and elimination of natural and man-made emergencies.
22. Technologies for reducing losses from socially significant diseases.
23. Technologies for creating high-speed vehicles and intelligent control systems for new modes of transport.
24. Technologies for creating a new generation of rocket-space and transport equipment.
25. Technologies for creating an electronic component base and energy-efficient lighting devices.
26. Technologies for creating energy-saving systems for transportation, distribution and use of energy.
27. Technologies for energy efficient production and conversion of energy using fossil fuels.
Files to the material:
- Decree of the President of Russia of July 7, 2011 N 899 "On the approval of priority directions for the development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation and the list of critical technologies of the Russian Federation" (.pdf, 114 Kb)
L.E. MINDELI, S.I. BLACK
An innovative economy is a special type of economy. For it to take shape, a system of institutions is needed that is different from the one that ensures the functioning of the traditional economy. In any country, an innovation economy has real prospects only if it transitions from innovation as a point phenomenon to the formation of a competitive national innovation system. Even N. Kondratyev wrote about the need to combine the proposal (the presence of relevant scientific and technical discoveries and inventions) with the possibility of its practical application. He argued that scientific and technological progress is not something external to the economy: “The direction and intensity of scientific and technological discoveries and inventions is a function of the demands of practical reality and the previous development of science and technology. The application of these inventions can be carried out only in the presence of the necessary economic conditions ”. It is a competitive national innovation system that can create these conditions and provide adequate responses to long-term challenges. The primary basis for this is the modernization of the economy.
The term "modernization" is now very popular both in society and at the highest state level. A modernization commission has been created under the President of the Russian Federation, and a government commission on high technologies and innovations is also working. At the same time, as the first deputy head of the presidential administration V. Surkov emphasizes, achieving a “decent level of development for normal countries” is only the first part of the work. “The second part is much more difficult. It could be called futurization, but it's not about inventing new terms. It requires the creation of a special cultural and psychological climate. This, in fact, is the path of innovative development. By innovation, we mean not copying existing samples, but creating fundamentally new technologies ”. Moreover, "the main competitive advantage is unique knowledge or technology."
A condition for the effective use of unique knowledge and technologies is the concentration of scientific potential, financial and material and technical resources on priority directions of development of science and technology.They are understood as the main areas of research and development, the implementation of which should provide a significant contribution to the socio-economic and scientific-technical development of the country and to the achievement of national socio-economic goals through this. In each of the priority directions of the development of science and technology, a certain set of critical technologies can be distinguished. Under critical technologieswe understand technologies that are cross-sectoral in nature, create essential prerequisites for the development of many technological areas or areas of research and development and, in aggregate, make the main contribution to the solution of key problems in the implementation of priority areas of development of science and technology. It seems that there is no doubt about the thesis that the priority directions of development of science and technology should have corresponding priority funding, otherwise the concept of “priority” is only declarative.
Funding for priority directions of development of science and technology, not yet officially approved, began in the new Russia in 1992, including within the framework of federal target programs, under the section "Fundamental research and assistance to scientific and technological progress."
For the first time at the federal level, priority directions for the development of science and technology, as well as critical technologies, were approved on July 21, 1996 by V. Chernomyrdin, Chairman of the Government Commission on Science and Technology Policy. The adoption of this decision was preceded by work carried out in pursuance of the RF Government decree of April 17, 1995 No. 360 “On state support for the development of science and scientific and technical developments” and the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996 No. 884 “On the doctrine of the development of Russian science ”. The following directions were chosen as priority:
- Basic research
- Information technology and electronics
- Manufacturing technologies
- New materials and chemical products
- Biological and living systems technologies
- Transport
- Fuel and energy
The list of priorities from the very beginning turned out to be in contradiction with the composition of the existing federal target programs in the scientific and technical sphere. The number of the latter, even after all the reductions, was 41. The statuses of these two categories were significantly different. The problem of their integration arose. A way out was found in the formation in September 1996 of a unified federal target scientific and technical program "Research and development in priority areas of development of science and technology for civilian purposes" (FTsNTP). The approved 8 priority areas were taken as a basis, which included 39 subprograms. The subprograms, in turn, were divided into 213 areas and complex problems, and those into 3735 scientific and technical projects, in the implementation of which 1118 scientific organizations were supposed to participate. Such an organizational "monster" was naturally difficult to manage; moreover, the program lacked an organizational mechanism for implementing priorities. In this regard, on behalf of the Ministry of Science of Russia in 1998, the Center for Research and Statistics of Science (CSIS) carried out work to assess the state and prospects for the development of critical technologies at the federal level and to clarify their list. Of the 238 detailed technologies that were assessed, the experts identified 63 as meeting or exceeding the global level.
The separation of the FTsNTP from the composition of other federal programs containing R&D was due to the fact that it was designed to serve as the main mechanism for the implementation of national priorities in the field of science and technology. In this regard, budget financing of the program can be seen as a reflection of these priorities in the budget process. At the same time, the formation of the FTsNTP through the combination of scientific and technical programs and their formal linking to the officially established priorities predetermined its shortcomings and the nature of its main problems, indicated above.
The main executors within the FTSTP were state scientific centers (SSC). As can be seen from Table 3.1, their share in 1993 accounted for 71% of the budgetary allocations for the FTsNTP, in 2004 - 51%. Other funds were spent on subprograms and projects corresponding to the eight priority areas of development of science and technology and ensuring the implementation of the latter, including through the efforts of the state academies of sciences.
The development of the SSC network was one of the first attempts to implement the principle of selectivity in modern Russian scientific policy. The goal of the program, the actual implementation of which began back in 1992, was the preservation and development of the best industry institutions. Over the years, the SSC network included from 56 to 61 organizations. The topics of the SSC's work essentially covered the entire range of priority areas for the development of science and technology and critical technologies. The obligations of the state to the SSC consisted, first of all, in financing fundamental and applied works from the budget. Basic funding for these centers was complemented by program funding.
In practice, budgetary commitments were not always fulfilled, and the timing of funds receipt was violated. The high performance indicators of the budget of the SSC development program in certain years did not reflect the real state of affairs, since they were achieved due to tax exemptions, a system of offsetting, and other non-monetary forms of budget execution. In addition, strong fluctuations in funding were caused by the constant revision of the system of priorities for science and technology policy. The situation that the SSC received budgetary funds simultaneously through the higher ministry and the SSC program was a consequence of the already mentioned inconsistency of priorities in the field of science and technology - industry and government. This forced the country's leadership to return to the issue of official approval of scientific and technical priorities already at the presidential level.
New priority directions for the development of science, technology and technology of the Russian Federation were approved by the President of the Russian Federation on March 20, 2002 (at a joint meeting of the Security Council, the Presidium of the State Council and the Presidential Council for Science and High Technologies) simultaneously with the Fundamentals of State Policy in the Development of Science and Technology for the period up to 2010 and beyond. The purpose of identifying priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology was the consolidation of financial, material and intellectual resources at strategically significant growth points. The adopted document initially included 9 priority areas and a list of 52 critical technologies. The priority areas were:
- Information and telecommunication technologies and electronics
- Space and aviation technologies
- New materials and chemical technologies
- New transport technologies
- Advanced weapons, military and special equipment
- Manufacturing technologies
- Living systems technologies
- Ecology and environmental management
- Energy Saving Technologies.
The approval of these priorities coincided with the formation of the so-called megaprojects,which was initiated by the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology of the Russian Federation. It was assumed that this would be an instrument of public-private partnership in the innovation sphere: by supporting large innovative projects, the state assumes technological risks and thereby creates conditions for the development of high-tech business. The obligations of the project executors included a provision according to which they must guarantee a five-fold excess of the sales of the created products over the amount of budget funds for the project.
The first tender for the implementation of megaprojects was announced in May 2002. In total, 12 megaprojects were selected in 7 “civil” priority areas for the development of science and technology: information and telecommunications technologies and electronics; new materials and chemical technologies; new transport technologies; production technologies; living systems technologies; ecology and rational use of natural resources; Energy Saving Technologies. It was expected that $ 200 million of budgetary funds invested in megaprojects would return in 3-4 years in the form of $ 1 billion, and thus the profitability of investments in the Russian science-intensive sector of the economy would be demonstrated to domestic and foreign investors.
Approximately $ 20 million was invested in each winning project for a period of up to two years, which is a very significant funding for the scientific and innovative sphere. It was assumed that budgetary funds will make up no more than half of the total funding for each project, the rest - funds of private investors. In practice, however, it turned out that for some projects, in particular those where RAS institutes were the prime executors, the share of budget funding reached 75%. In general, the experience of forming megaprojects has shown that the state is called upon to act here as a co-investor, which selects both an investment object and an investment partner within the framework of PPP. At the same time, the problem was not so much in the selection of the contractor to carry out research and development, but in the choice of a reliable partner - a co-investor, who, in fact, should act as the customer of the project along with the state.
In 2004, on behalf of the Government and the Ministry of Education and Science on the basis of comprehensive scientific research with the involvement of leading scientists, experts and business representatives and upon agreement at the interdepartmental level, the list of priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology was reduced to 7. The main selection criteria were the provision of national safety, reducing the risk of man-made disasters, the expected contribution to accelerating GDP growth and increasing the competitiveness of the economy. The existing conditions for the practical implementation of technologies were also taken into account.
The new version included the following priority directions for the development of science, technology and technology.
- Information and telecommunication systems
- Industry of nanosystems and materials
- Living systems
- Ecology and environmental management
- Energy and energy saving
- Security and Counter Terrorism
- Advanced weapons, military and special equipment. The list of critical technologies was reduced to 33, covering the following promising areas: technologies for transmission, processing and protection of information; software production technologies; bioinformation technologies; nanotechnology and nanomaterials; technologies for creating biocompatible materials; biosensor technologies; biomedical technologies for human life support and protection; biocatalysis and biosynthesis technologies; technologies for processing and disposal of technogenic formations and waste; technologies for new and renewable energy sources.
From the point of view of the size of budgetary financing, the most significant directions are “Industry of nanosystems and materials” and “Living systems”. The most secured by off-budget funds are the directions “Energy and energy supply” and “Rational use of natural resources”. However, as the specialists of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences note, the norm for attracting extrabudgetary funds has not been fulfilled in any direction, according to which extrabudgetary funding should be at least 30% of allocated budget funds. For example, in 6 “non-military” areas, the volume of extra-budgetary funding in 2007 amounted to only 10.06% of the total budget funding for R&D.
In 2007, the FTP “Research and Development in Priority Areas of Science and Technology Development”, which expired in 2006, was replaced by the FTP “Research and Development in Priority Areas of Development of the Scientific and Technological Complex of Russia for 2007-2012” ...
The total amount of funding for this program for 2007-2012 was determined in the amount of 194.89 billion rubles, including from the federal budget - 133.83 billion rubles. These figures were determined based on the need to implement various categories of projects, including their parameters (total cost of the project, conditions for attracting funds from non-budgetary sources, implementation period, etc.).
The transition to such a large-scale integrated program was dictated by the desire to link scientific research and their commercial return, that is, to form a closed innovation cycle. At the same time, in scientific works devoted to this topic, it is rightly noted that in practice there is practically no close relationship between projects carried out in each of its five blocks (knowledge generation, technology development, their commercialization, institutional base, infrastructure). The enlargement of projects should also have a positive effect: in most developed countries, funds are concentrated on a limited number of priorities in the context of the formation of full-fledged projects that have been implemented for a fairly long time. However, in the Russian case, the appearance of a limited number of enlarged projects (in the presence of an extensive public sector of science, all organizations of which rely primarily on budgetary support) means a reduction in the number of recipients of budgetary funds while strengthening elements of lobbying.
In 2009, in order to concentrate the efforts of the state, the scientific and business community on solving the most important tasks of modernization and technological development of the economy, the Government of the Russian Federation carried out work to further adjust the priority directions for the development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation and the list of critical technologies in the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 340 dated April 22, 2009 approved the Rules for the formation, adjustment and implementation of priority directions for the development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation and the list of critical technologies in the Russian Federation.
The main purpose of the formation, adjustment and implementation of priority areas and the list of critical technologies is to clarify the guidelines for the development of the domestic scientific and technical complex and the national innovation system, based on the national interests of Russia and trends in world scientific, technological and innovative development, medium-term tasks of the socio-economic development of the country with taking into account the need to form a knowledge economy, develop and implement the most important government programs and projects.
The priority areas and the list of critical technologies are interconnected with the priorities of modernization of the national economy, determined by the President of the Russian Federation, the Concept of the long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, the long-term forecast of the technological development of the Russian Federation until 2025, as well as the Main areas of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2012.
As a result of the work of expert groups, federal executive bodies and state academies of sciences, the Military-Industrial Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation, eight priority areas and 27 critical technologies were formed, which are the most promising from the standpoint of technological and innovative development, as well as defining guidelines for improving domestic scientific and technical complex, taking into account the medium-term socio-economic tasks of the country's development. The current priorities are as follows:
- Industry of nanosystems.
- Information and telecommunication systems.
- Life sciences.
- Rational use of natural resources.
- Transport and space systems.
- Energy efficiency, energy saving, nuclear power.
- Promising types of weapons, military and special equipment.
- Security and Counter Terrorism.
Now let's see how the priority in priorities has changed over 15 years, so to speak, by comparing the presence (or absence) of certain positions in the officially approved versions, as well as in the directions of technological breakthroughs formulated by the President of the Russian Federation in July 2009 (Table 1).
The outsider in this rating, as we can see, is fundamental research - they were mentioned as a priority only in 1996, then they were “dissolved” in other priorities, where they play an auxiliary role. The leaders are information and telecommunication technologies, living systems (medicine), energy and energy conservation, as well as the nanosystem industry, into which the position “new materials and chemical technologies” has been transformed. Although nanotechnology is not directly indicated in the presidential directions of technological breakthrough, it is assumed that the implementation of this position will create new promising materials, devices and special-purpose devices with an increased service life, low material consumption and low construction weight, which, in turn, will contribute to strengthening the national safety, improving the quality of life, and also activates the processes of import substitution and entering foreign markets. Thus, the industry of nanosystems, as it seems to its ideologists, must permeate all other priorities and directions, which, unfortunately, cannot be said about fundamental research, which is increasingly becoming “aliens at this celebration of life”.
In this regard, I would like to draw your attention to the following aspect. Our innovative development is certainly associated with high technologies. However, it should be remembered that high technology is a means, not an end in itself. Other factors of economic growth should not be forgotten: strengthening the legal foundations of economic activity, including antimonopoly regulation; balanced development of regions; complex solution of social, humanitarian and environmental problems; pursuing effective monetary and financial policies.
In developed countries that have built competitive national innovation systems, the share of high-tech products is very high both in the structure of domestic production and consumption and in the structure of exports. This, unfortunately, cannot be said about Russia. V. Surkov spoke very harshly in this regard: “The situation in the development of new technologies for Russia is very sad. Our own intellectual powers are small. Therefore, there can be no sovereign modernization. Here I would pose the opposite problem. The more open and friendly we will be and the more thanks to this we will be able to get money, knowledge, technologies from the advanced countries, the more sovereign and stronger our democracy will become ”. I would like to note two points here. First, the Russian intellectual potential is not so low (this is evidenced by at least the number of our researchers working abroad, including due to insufficient funding for their work in their homeland). Secondly, one should be very careful when transferring foreign experience to domestic soil, since it is necessary to take into account both the peculiarities of the institutional “foreign” environment in which it was formed, and Russian specifics.
Tablia 1
Options for priority directions for the development of science and technology
| 1996 | 2002 | 2004 | 2009 | Technological breakthrough directions | ||
| 1. | Basic research | + | - | - | - | - |
| 2. | Information and telecommunication technologies | + | + | + | + | + |
| 3. | Manufacturing technologies | + | + | - | - | - |
| 4. | New materials and chemical technologies | + | + | - | - | - |
| 5. | Living systems, medicine (life science) | + | + | + | + | + |
| 6. | Transport technologies | + | + | - | + | - |
| 7. | Energy and energy saving | + | + | + | + | + |
| 8. | Ecology and environmental management | + | + | + | + | - |
| 9. | Space technologies and systems | - | + | - | + | + |
| 10. | Industry of nanosystems | - | - | + | + | + |
| 11. | Defense industrial complex, nuclear technologies | - | + | + | + | + |
| 12. | Security and Counter Terrorism | - | - | + | + | - |
This specificity requires, in our opinion, a careful attitude towards fundamental science and the corresponding institutions, which have already proved their "professional suitability", including in Soviet and pre-revolutionary times. First of all, we are talking about the Russian Academy of Sciences, the work of which has recently been criticized, mostly unfounded and unconstructive. We already have the sad experience of the revolutionary destruction of old institutions and the construction of new ones under the slogan "who was nothing, he will become everything." You cannot step on the same rake. The team of “modern scientific administrators and effective managers” will not actually transform the RAS into an advanced research center with elements of commercialization, as the ideologies of the “reformation” write, but will work on the basis of the rich (literally and figuratively) experience of domestic crisis managers whose activities in the 1990s led to the collapse of many organizations, including in applied science, and the privatization of valuable assets by dubious structures.
State academies of sciences account for more than 80% of budgetary allocations for basic research. The main function of the academic sector of science is the expanded reproduction of world-class knowledge that contributes to the technological, economic, social and spiritual development of Russia; preservation on this basis of the country's status as a world scientific power. The academic sector of science is the most important mechanism for the development and transmission of the intellectual and cultural potential of the nation from generation to generation. Currently, there is a point of view about academic science as a relic of the past, it is opposed to the entire scientific community. Indeed, there are ineffective academic institutions and ineffective employees “work”, but this does not mean that the entire system is ineffective. Of course, it is necessary to expand the competitive environment in scientific organizations of the academic sector of science, including by optimizing the ratio of estimated, program-targeted and competitive funding and improving the procedure for filling positions.
Until now, a number of specific issues related to the legal status of organizations subordinate to state academies of sciences have not been settled, which constantly creates problems in their current activities. Since the presidiums of state academies of sciences create institutions on the basis of federal property and on behalf of the Russian Federation, they should be a kind of state institutions (along with budgetary and autonomous institutions). This implies the introduction of appropriate amendments to the Civil and Budget Codes of the Russian Federation. The solution of this issue, among other things, will open the way for the implementation of the decision adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation on financing the state academies of sciences, primarily the Russian Academy of Sciences, from the federal budget through the mechanism of subsidies.
The tax regime, which is applied to the organizations of the state academies of sciences, needs to be improved. Nothing, except for purely fiscal considerations, cannot justify the collection of income tax from rental income for immovable property temporarily not used by institutions of state academies of sciences - and this despite the fact that, according to the Federal Law "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy", these receipts are qualified as additional budgetary funding.
It is also impossible to recognize a rational and current system of levying land tax from institutions of state academies of sciences. In fact, academic organizations become participants in a cumbersome mechanism for transferring federal funds to local budgets. The mechanism of compensation for land tax is accompanied by numerous failures and conflicts.
It is necessary to exempt state scientific institutions from paying property tax, from import duties and taxes when purchasing foreign scientific equipment, if this equipment will be used to carry out fundamental research.
In recent years, the university sector of science has been developing quite steadily: the number of organizations carrying out research and development in universities has grown by 17%, the number of researchers - by 16.4%. This dynamic was facilitated by state support focused on the involvement of teachers, graduate students and students in scientific research. According to experts, the amount of research funding in the universities of the Federal Education Service from 2002 to 2008 increased from 8.69 billion rubles. up to 27.91 billion rubles.
Some researchers contrast academic and university science. At the same time, there is an operation of quantitative indicators that are attributed not to the total size of the teaching staff, but to the rather conventional concept of researchers (scientific workers) for a university. It is not taken into account that the level of achievements in academic science in most areas significantly exceeds the success of university science, since scientific activity is not the main one for educational organizations. And the authors of these passages themselves recognize the priority of academic science, noting that "Russian universities have dramatically reduced the gap with the Russian Academy of Sciences in absolute terms."
In addition, in our opinion, the very formulation of the question is inappropriate, since the long history of the development of domestic education and science shows that their high level is ensured by mutual close contacts. And this was clearly demonstrated and demonstrated by the achievements of the world's best domestic universities - research universities (MIPT, MEPhI, Moscow State University, etc.), based on the relationship with specialized scientific institutions.
With the termination of the Federal Target Program “Integration of Science and Higher Education” in 2005, the pace of integration processes between science and education slowed down significantly. Attempts to solve this problem by increasing the amount of research funding in higher education do not always lead to success. Moreover, there are cases when universities that previously occupied leading positions lose their advantages precisely as a result of the loss of ties with leading scientific organizations and high-tech industry enterprises.
The reduction in funding affects the scale of educational activities of the state academies of sciences and does not allow to fully ensure the solution of the personnel problem, first of all, the training of specialists to work in the field of fundamental research. One of the solutions could be the creation of several academic research universities, by analogy with the already established federal research universities, as well as the expansion of the participation of academic institutions in the implementation of educational programs of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. Nekipelov notes that, despite some reforms, the situation with science in higher educational institutions remains intolerable. “In some universities, where serious schools have survived, it is necessary to directly finance these schools, mostly, apparently, on a competitive basis. It is necessary to develop all-round interaction between academic and university science and state scientific centers and, finally, maximum use (taking into account the state of our applied science sector) of the potential of academic and university science ”. Indeed, RAS institutions, leading universities, state research centers are now the main subjects of the national innovation system; they are capable both independently, including with the support of projects by state scientific foundations, and in cooperation, to carry out a complex of fundamental and applied research, creating the necessary scientific and technical reserves.
It seems that measures to improve the organization of academic science should be taken carefully and carefully, since it is the basis of the cultural and intellectual potential of the nation. At the same time, the most important task of state policy is to increase the role of fundamental science in solving the strategic tasks of modernization. We express the hope that the shift in the focus of the state towards national research universities and centers will not lead to the gradual “extinction” of state academies of sciences. The state, universities and academic organizations should look for ways to consolidate efforts to create a competitive national innovation system, and not go on a “warpath” that will lead to no one knows where.
The state policy in relation to science should be aimed at working out mutually acceptable norms and rules that stimulate an increase in the efficiency of the work of all research and educational organizations. At the same time, it (the state) should take into account in its measures the differentiation of the problem by branches of knowledge, regions, academic organizations and universities, providing for a “social balance” of science and education.
As noted, an economy based on innovation requires a system of institutions that is different from that of a traditional economy. At the same time, in order to make a painless replacement of some institutions for others, convincing evidence is required that existing institutions restrain economic growth and hinder innovative development. With regard to domestic fundamental science and its main institutions - state academies of sciences, there is no such evidence and cannot be.
1 Kondratyev N.D.Problems of economic dynamics. M .: Economics. 1989.S. 202.
2 Surkov V.Update, gentlemen! // Summary. 2009. No. 44.
3 For details, see: Lakhtin G.A., Mindeli L.E.The contours of scientific and technical policy. M .: TSISN. 2000.S. 30-34.
4 Lenchuk E.B., Vlaskin G.A.Investment aspects of innovative growth M .: LIBROKOM. 2009.S. 142.
5 Dezhina I.G.State regulation of science in Russia. M .: Master. 2008.S. 110; Lenchuk E.B., Vlaskin G.A.Investment aspects of innovative growth. M .: LIBROKOM. 2009.S. 142.
6 Results. 2009. No. 44.
7 Here is what, for example, S. Kordonsky, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, writes: “The scientific community and academic science forced(italics of the authors) coexist in the same social space, since, due to a combination of circumstances, practicing scientists work in institutes and laboratories, most often belonging to academies, their instruments and equipment are purchased or created through budgetary funding, and scientific and infrastructure communications are on the balance of organizations, headed by members of the academies ”(Serving the truth and innovative development // Polit. ru. April 15, 2009).
8 Fundamental science in Russia: state and development prospects. Report of the Scientific and Organizational Management of the RAS. M .: 2009.S. 21.
9 Guriev S., Livanov D., Severinov K.Six myths of the Academy of Sciences // Expert. 2009. Mb 48.S. 55.
10 A. D. NekipelovFundamental research funding problems in the Russian Academy of Sciences / Analytical collection based on parliamentary hearings “Priorities for supporting domestic science and mechanisms for stimulating innovation”. M .: Edition of the Federation Council. 2009.S. 17.
