Underground railway. Foreign Experience: Urban Projects Under Earth Old Roads Short Road - Familiar Road

III. Entry to the Perm province. - Okhansk and Kama. - Road to Perm. - The beginning of Perm. - Pier. - Monastery and monuments. - Ermakovo weapons. - Road to the mouth of Chusovoy. - Chusovaya. - Poland ... Finally, we left the ground with the ground: here is a stone pillar with a bear and onions, - we are in

"Underground Railway"

Old roads Short road - familiar road.

Old roads Short road - familiar road. It is remembered in childhood when I was 10 years old, my father and I collected mushrooms in the forest, which was then "at least oblique kosi". They went to some pretty direct rectacks, overgrown with greater frequent lindas and birches, but still

Chapter 9 Underground Dream Road

Chapter 9 The Underground Dreaming Road She had a rich imagination and an amazing inner world, which sometimes made himself a completely unusual way. Dreams and vision, fears and premonitions accompanied her throughout his life. Franklin Senborn O.

Underground railway (eng. The Underground Railroad) - the designation of the secret system, used in the United States to organize shoots and transfers blackheads from the slave owner of the south to the north. I operated until the beginning of the civil war in the United States in 1861.

Various routes that were made through the groups of fugitives began on the borders of Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, Georgia, Maryland and led to the northern states, as well as to Canada. The "Underground Railway" had its own organization - on it there were their "conductors" (senior accompanying groups), "Stations" (housing provided by sympathizing for enhancing towards recreation and shelter).

Activists of abolitionist movement, free blacks and mulatters, quackers and baptists accepted the greatest participation in the organization of the Underground Railway. For the period from 1830 to 1861, on this path, it was possible to send to the north and give freedom to more than 60 thousand slaves. Thomas Garrett's most distinguished themselves, helped to flee more than 2,200 slaves, and the black woman Harreet Tabmen, who committed 19 "travels on the road" and freed 300 slaves.

Literature

• Foster W. "Negritansky people in the history of America", M., 1955
• Still W. "The Unterground Railroad", Phil., 1879
• Siebert W.H. "The Unterground Railroad", N.Y. 1898.
• Preston E.D. "Genesis of the Unterground Railroad" (J. Of Negro History, 1933, Vol.18).

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Watch what is "Underground Railway" in other dictionaries:

Underground railway - ("The Secret Railway", more precisely, the "underground railway", underground railroad) The name of the secret system of organizing the shoots of blacks of slaves from the southern slave ownership States to the North, existed to the Civil War (see Civil ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Underground railway - (Secret Railway) Name of the Secret System of Organization of Escapes of Negro Rabov from the southern slave owner States to the north. In the 30 60 E GG. 19th century With it, OK was released. 60 thousand slaves ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Underground railway - (Underground Railroad), a secret orgement to the United States to assist the slaves who fled from the south, during the preceding the Belarusian War in the United States. Although p.j.d. Could help only a small number of slaves (approx. 1 thousand per year after 1850), she fifth ... ... The World History

Underground railway - ("Underground Railway") The Secret Railway, the name of the secret system of organizing elaborates of Negro slaves from the southern slave owners of the United States; existed to the Civil War 1861 65. "P. g. d. " had "stations" (houses of citizens, ... ...

"Underground Railway" - ("Secret Railway"), the name of the secret system for organizing elaborate shoots slaves from the southern slave owner States to the North. In the 30 60 E GG. XIX century With its help, about 60 thousand slaves were liberated ... encyclopedic Dictionary

"Underground Railway" - The name adopted for the designation of the secret system of the shoots of the shoots of blacks of slaves from South Rablovnel. US states; existed to the chase. Wars 1861 65. P. g. D. had a station (houses of citizens who sympathized with fugitives, where they stayed in ... ...

Railway or tram on cable car - Railway, or a tram on a cable rod, (established Russian term does not exist, the title of the article is chosen by analogy with the English Cable Car "Cable Car") Type of rail transport close to the funicular ... Wikipedia

Secret Railway - ("Secret Railway",) The name of the secret system of organizing elaborates of slaves from southern slave owner; The name "Underground Railway" is more common ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

"Mystery Railway" - See Underground Railway ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Urban railway - Request "Stadtbahn" is redirected here; See also other values. This article lacks references to sources of information. Information must be checked, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can ... Wikipedia

Books

• Amazing trains, Graham Yen. About the book Who invented the first steam locomotive? What does diesel locomotive work on? How does electricity get into the electric train? Where is the longest railway in the world? Why Shanghai Express is capable ...

If the subway is so convenient for moving around the city, why not transport loads and correspondence under the ground?

Since 1927, underground postal railway existed for 76 years under London. Built by the UK Post Office, it was used to transport mail between the post offices of the capital.

Photo 1.

The idea of \u200b\u200ban alternative method of transporting letters and parcels was born in the UK in the second half of the XIX century.

Photo 2.

Construction was started in 1915. After laying tunnels, started stations. However, in 1917, construction work was suspended in connection with the participation of Great Britain in the First World War. By this time, the system of tunnels and stations was fully prepared, which was used to cover the funds of some London museums.

Photo 3.

Postmen are loaded mail.

Photo 4.

In 1925, work in the tunnels resumed, laying paths and installing all the necessary equipment: elevators, postal conveyors, and other things, and in 1927 the line was put into action.

Photo 5.

The depth of tunnels under the ground is 15-25 meters. Mostly, the line passes along a two-way tunnel with a diameter of 2.75 meters. At the bottom of the tunnel, a pillow and a thirty-bentimeter layer of concrete was laid, on concrete - paths and contact rail.

Photo 6.

The underground mail train is small. But it's fun in it.

Photo 7.

In the best times, the line passed 30,000 mail bags (about 45 thousand kilograms) daily, up to 30 compositions worked on the line.

Photo 8.

Train movement time was 26 minutes from the ultimate to the ultimate one with all stops, with a passage of all intermediate stations with transit - 15 minutes. The creation of a postal metro contributed to the accelerated exchange of mail within the city and unloading of traffic.

Photo 9.

The underground railway operated from 1927 to 2003.

Photo 10.

The reason for the closure of such an unusual railway was simple: transportation of mail by road on the same route costs, in various data, 3-5 times cheaper.

sources

To organize shoots and transfers blackheads from the slave owner of the south to the north. I operated until the beginning of the civil war in the United States in 1861.

Various routes that were made through the groups of fugitives began on the borders of Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, Georgia, Maryland and led to the northern states, as well as to Canada. The "Underground Railway" had its own organization - on it there were their "conductors" (senior accompanying groups), "Stations" (housing provided by sympathizing for enhancing towards recreation and shelter).

Activists of abolitionist movement, free blacks and mulatters, quackers and baptists accepted the greatest participation in the organization of the "underground railway". For the period from 1830 to 1861, on this path, it was possible to send to the north and give freedom to more than 60 thousand slaves. The most distinguished Levi Coffin, Thomas Garrett, who had an assistance of more than 2,200 who fled to the slaves, and the black woman Harreet Tabmen, who committed 19 "travels on the road" and freed 300 slaves.

About the title and translation of names into Russian

The world's first real underground railway appeared only in the 1860s, but projects known today as city metro were actively discussed on both sides of the ocean since the 1830s, and, without any doubt, made a big impression on the advanced public, were all on hearing. In addition, at the time of the most active activity of the "subway" of aboliusists, in London, the construction of the first metro was already in full swing - London Underground. Apparently, the echoes of these conversations and gave rise to the black slaves of the South legend that the abolitionists proceeded under the ground the tunnel, in which the rails were laid and let the "trains of freedom", exporting slaves north. It is hardly possible to establish the author of this beautiful myth - whether the abolitionists themselves launched this bike for conspiracy purposes, or they accepted the details of this legend to refer to the details of their network of crosslinks ("Stations", "Conditioners", etc.). Today, speaking about this page of American history of dealing with slavery, it will be more correct to use the accurate translation, The Underground Railroad - "Underground Railway", as the name of the underground organization of abolitionists.

In culture

"Underground Railway" in the Picture of Ch. Webbera

In the literature, the most famous underground road, described by Harreet Becher-Stow in her novel "Uncle Tom Hut", released in 1852. There are the main heroes Mulati Eliza, George and their son Harry decide to flee to Canada, free. Their path begins from the Ohio River (the boundaries between the slave owner Kentucky and free Ohio). Throughout the journey, they stop in the villages, mostly quakers, which despite the law prohibiting the robust in every way, give them shelter and food, and also transport them from the "station" to the station. The path of heroes lay through Ohio to the shores of Lake Erie, from where they were shipped to Canada on the steamer. Already in Canada there were people ready to help in adaptation of blacks.

The English term underground fully complies with the meaning of the Russian word "underground", today they designate any hidden, secret, illegal phenomenon. The underground is sometimes called resistance movement during World War II.

Underground Railway Harriet Tabmen Mentioned in the cartoon Griffin in the episode Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater.

In the book "Percy Jackson and the Death Maze" Rick Riordan mentions Harriet Tabmen as a daughter of the Hermesman's God for its contribution to the work of the Underground Railway.

Also, the work of the underground railway is described in the story of Konstantin Sergienko "Take away us, Pegasus!" Her main characters, white teenagers help run to the north of slaves, whom the owner prepared for sale.

see also

Notes

Literature

• Foster W. "Negritansky people in the history of America", M., 1955
• Still W. "The Unterground Railroad", Phil., 1879
• Siebert W.H. "The Unterground Railroad", N.Y. 1898.
• Preston E.D. "Genesis of the Unterground Railroad" (J. Of Negro History, 1933, Vol.18).

You will not believe, but under the whole of Europe, thousands of kilometers of underground tunnels stretch, which can be reached not only in various cities, but even countries. Archaeologists called these Tunnels Erdstall, lost in the speculation about who and why managed to turn such a lot of work.

Housing underground creatures

Interestingly, the size of the tunnels is little suitable for a person. The height of the majority ranges from one to one and a half meters, and the width does not exceed 60 centimeters. Even a thin short. Could not overcome and a couple of kilometers of such a path, and after all the tunnels stretch to a much larger length.
Suddenly opened dedicated to the tunnels Scientific labor has released a German archaeologist and doctor of science Henrich Kushch. His book "Secrets of the underground door in the ancient world" made the effect of a broken bomb in the scientific community. What is there, the German was initially submitted by real injury: it is difficult to believe in the existence of some secret underground tunnels there, which no one ever heard.

Primitive secrets

Land Goblins

Under the cross