1cv8 cdn where is it located. Starting a session with the infobase is prohibited. Backup. C file access error - folder is on local computer

Open a text editor in 1 with Enterprise. We write the following code:


“C:Program Files1cv81in1cv8.exe” ENTERPRISE /F”D:ase1cmagazin” /N”Administrator” /P”5555″/CEndUsers /Out d:ackuplog%date%.txt /DisableStartupMessages


“C:Program Files1cv81in1cv8.exe” DESIGNER /F”D:ase1cmagazin” /N”Administrator” /P”55555″ /UCBatchUpdateIB Configuration /DumpIB d:ackupinfobase%date%.dt /Out d:ackuplog1%date%.txt /DisableStartupMessages


“C:Program Files1c v81in1cv8.exe” ENTERPRISE /F”D:ase1cmagazin” /N”Administrator” /P”55555″ /UCBatchUpdateIB Configuration /CAllow Users to Work /Out d:ackuplog2%date%.txt /DisableStartupMessages


/DumpIB d:ackupinfobase%date%.dt - saving the database configuration to a file



“C:Program Files1c v81in1cv8.exe” is the path to your executable,


/F”D:ase1cmagazin”-<Путь>path to the infobase, if it is stored in a file (the file name does not need to be specified)


Accordingly, if the server then


/S<Адрес>
The address of the information base stored on the 1C:Enterprise 8.0 server is as follows:
<Имя компьютера, работающего сервером приложений> <Ссылочное имя информационной базы, известное в рамках сервера 1С:Предприятия 8.0>


/N”Administrator” /P”55555” - user name. The password of the user whose name is specified in the /N parameter must be specified in the same way as in the list of users created in the Configurator. If the user does not have a password, this parameter can be omitted.


/UCBatchUpdateIBConfiguration - allows you to establish a connection with an infobase that is blocked from establishing connections. If a non-empty access code is specified when setting the blocking, then to establish a connection you must specify this access code in the /UC parameter.


/Out d:ackuplog1%date%.txt - setting the file for outputting service messages. If the -NoTruncate switch is specified (separated by a space), the file is not cleared


/DisableStartupMessages - Suppresses startup messages: “The database configuration does not match the saved configuration. Continue?"; “Your computer's capabilities are not sufficient to edit the configuration help. To edit the help, you must install Microsoft Internet Explorer version 6.0 or higher.”; “Your computer’s capabilities are not sufficient to edit HTML documents, including help topics. To edit HTML documents, you must install Microsoft Internet Explorer version 6.0 or higher. In this launch, editing html documents will not be available."



Be very careful with spaces, slashes and quotes.


Save as a file with the bat extension and in OEM encoding. To edit, save it first under a different name in UTF-8 encoding, otherwise you will have to deal with bugs or rewrite the script again.



When you enable the end user mode mode, a key is registered in “Trade Management”


Accordingly, replace /UCBatchUpdateIBConfiguration with it. Otherwise no one will be able to work. Or, in the server console, enter the database (right-click on the properties of the corresponding database) and uncheck the “Blocking of the database” checkbox.


To find out the key in the configurator, call the global search and type “Permission Code”


About removing blocking:


Method 1: Create a copy of the “1C:Enterprise 8” shortcut and add certain parameters in the line with the name of the working folder: “C:Program Files1cv81in1cv8.exe”/UC 123,


where /UC is the parameter for entering the database, regardless of the installed lock


123 - in this case, the password for the installed lock (using a password to set the base lock is OPTIONAL).


2nd method: “Start” - “Run”, specifying “Unblock connections” as the blocking action. Click the “Run” button.


3rd method: remove the “signal” blocking file “1Cv8.cdn” from the database directory.


In client-server version


To perform installation and unlocking actions, you can use the server cluster administration utility of the 1C:Enterprise 8.1 program.


  • Service Processing Options
    In the processing form you can indicate:

    • Sign of setting/unlocking;

    • Period (time) of the start and end of the blocking;

    • The text of the message displayed to users when warning about the planned blocking of connections;

    • The permission code is an arbitrary string, using which as the startup parameter “/UC” you can later enter the infobase, despite the blocking.


  • Firstly, it will help you better understand what happened. And in rarer cases, it can even help solve the problem yourself.
  • Secondly, if you couldn’t cope on your own, then first and foremost you should contact a specialist for technical support with the contents of the information and diagnostic window that appears.

Let's take a closer look at the contents of the received dialog message:

Line 1.A “Starting a session with the infobase is prohibited.” is a standard entry indicating that user entry into the program has been blocked. With such blocking, a special file with the extension “.cdn” is automatically created in the infobase directory (for more details, see the following sections).

Line 1.B usually indicates the reason, duration of blocking, as well as other useful information. Depending on who or what (in the case of a system) the entry blocking was installed, as well as for what purpose, the information in this block may be different. The line “Backup” is a standard entry for manual or routine backup (in this case the line “To perform a backup.”) of the information base using 1C Enterprise tools is also typical.

An administrator, in case of creating a block in the user mode of 1C 8.3 Enterprise, or a 1C programmer, in case of setting a block programmatically in the configurator, can come up with his own messages:

Line 2 provides a hint on how you can run the program from the Windows command line if you know the so-called “permission code” (see next step).

Line 3 explains the process and what the buttons do.

Step 2. Solution on how to remove the lock and enter the 1C 8.3 database

Session locks can be roughly classified as follows:

  • Planned. When a session lock was started manually or automatically, serving a scheduled process in the 1C database (backup, routine task, update);
  • Others, erroneous. When a lock is installed as a result of erroneous user actions or errors encountered by the system itself, when it does not automatically remove the previously installed lock. For example, a backup process was started, but the user interrupted it by forcefully closing the program.

Method 1

In both cases, when setting session blocking, as mentioned above, a file with “.cdn” permission is created in the storage directory of the current infobase:

Thus, a simple solution to the program launch error due to a session lock is to delete the 1Cv8.cdn file.

However, the user should first ask the question: “After all, if sessions are blocked, does this mean that this is due to something?” Perhaps another user with administrative functions (hereinafter referred to as the administrator) launched a really important task or processing in 1C 8.3 Accounting that cannot tolerate the presence of several users in the database at the same time.

Method 2

If such a situation is possible, then you should contact the administrator and find out whether you can enter the database and whether he has a special permission code, which was mentioned just above. In this case, we will use the second method - by entering a blocked infobase by launching the program from the command line, specifying the permission code in one of the launch parameters:

  • “C:\Program Files (x86)\1cv8\common\1cestart.exe” – path to the 1C Enterprise 8.3 launcher;
  • ENTERPRISE – means that the program will start in user mode, i.e. in 1C Enterprise mode;
  • /F”F:\Bazy1C\Accounting” – denotes the file information base (parameter /F) and the path to it (the server database address is indicated in the /S parameter);
  • /C Allow Users to Work – an optional parameter: if checked, the system will not start, but the lock will be removed (the lock file will be destroyed), and subsequently users will be able to access the information base.

If the parameter is not set, then the specific user is allowed to log in, but the lock is not removed. This user can do a complete unlock in user mode by going to the Support and Maintenance panel (Section Administration - Program Settings command group - Support and Maintenance command:

And calling the form Blocking users by the command of the same name:

In the form that opens, you can unblock sessions by clicking the Unblock button, where /UC12345 – the /UC parameter specifies the permission code (12345). Parameter names are written in English.

For more information about command line parameters, see the 1C 8.3 Enterprise help.

Method 3

There is an alternative and even easier for the user method of using the above parameters for launching an information base (hereinafter referred to as IB) - it is possible to register the required ones in the properties of the database of interest.

1. In the launcher window (marked “A”), select the locked database and click the Change button, after which the window for editing information security properties (marked “B”) will open:

In property Additional launch options we write down the unlock code and, if necessary, a parameter to allow users to work (in this case, after the first launch and before the next launch, this parameter must be deleted). These parameters were described in more detail above.

Note: when an automatic backup occurs (directly or as part of another procedure, for example, during an automated update), the system blocks the 1C 8.3 information base and sets the standard unlock code “ Backup ».

Therefore, if the procedure fails and the database remains blocked, but there is no way to delete the cdn file, then you can use the parameter when starting the information security: /UCBackup.

3. Click the Finish button and return to the launcher window, where we launch IS using the 1C:Enterprise button. Thus, the error “Starting a session with the infobase is prohibited. “Backup” has been eliminated:

If 1C 8.3 Enterprise operates in a client-server version, but the user does not have access rights and the necessary knowledge to administer databases in this mode, then in this case you should contact the system administrator for help. We only note that in the client-server version, in addition to access via the command line with additional parameters, it is possible to remove the blocking using the 1C: Enterprise server cluster administration utility, namely, it is necessary to remove the flag in the properties of the desired infobase Session start blocking is enabled.

Anatomy of the 1Cv8.cdn lock file

The curious can look inside the file 1Cv8.cdn created when sessions are blocked - this is a simple text file that can be opened with the appropriate Notepad editor:

The text in the file is surrounded by curly braces that list the following locking parameters, separated by commas:

  • 1 (0) – sign of setting the blocking (1 – installed; 0 – disabled);
  • 20160706154700 – full date (date + time) of the start of session blocking, in our case it is July 6, 2016 20:00:00;
  • 20160706154700 – full date (date + time) of the end of the session blocking, in our case it is July 06, 2016 20:00:00 (if the end date is not specified, then by default the value 00010101000000 is entered into the parameter);
  • Next comes the text parameter, where the auxiliary text displayed to the user in the dialog box is placed in double quotes;
  • “123” – permission code is specified.

As you can see, the file contains all the parameters displayed in the information and diagnostic dialog box that appears.

On the website you can read other free articles and video tutorials on the 1C Accounting configuration (

Having launched the 1C program once, at startup I saw the error “Starting a session with the infobase is prohibited. Backup". I was very surprised - I didn’t set any blocking myself. After a little analysis, the reason turned out to be a “glitch” of automatic archival copying, which is built into (one of the subsystems).

The error looks like this:

The problem turned out to be that when setting up the creation of archive copies of the database, the system automatically sets a block on the entrance to the information base. It prevents users from starting the program while the process is running.

But sometimes it happens that after copying the system cannot remove it. In this case, we get the error “Starting a session with the infobase is prohibited...”

Get 267 video lessons on 1C for free:

Solution

The easiest way to fix the problem is to delete the file 1Cv8.cdn(infobase lock file) from the database folder.

For example, in my screenshot above the location of the base is as follows:

You need to go to this folder, and then find and delete 1Cv8.cdn.

Unblocking the 1C client-server database

If you have access to the server console, removing the lock is very simple. Just go to the infobase properties and remove the “Session start blocking is enabled” flag:

An important condition for high-quality and timely preparation of the necessary reports.

But in case of file system failures or access to certain documents, you should not be upset. In most cases, the causes of this problem are unimportant. It is enough just to take into account the main factors that can lead to them.

Almost everyone may experience a connection error with the 1Cv8.cdn file. There are various possible causes for this problem. But in any case, don’t be nervous - you can almost always eliminate them and restore access to the necessary data. Let's look at the most common cases.

The first and most common reason in practice is finding the required file not on a separate server, but on your computer. In this case, the computer does not contain a DNS server, and you may lose rights to the data folder even after a normal operating system update. Because of this, network access is lost. The best option to prevent such a situation in the future is to store the database directly on a separate server configured for operation.

1C file access error - less serious local user factors

Other common reasons include network failures at the level of routers, connectors, due to various firewall and antivirus settings that block the necessary network connections.

To solve this, you should check your network connections and network equipment. Next, we check the rights to the folder in which the 1C database is located. We check the network settings of our computer and antivirus program.

If this issue occurs again in the future, you should try installing a third-party DNS server.

But still, for the future, we can recommend placing the 1C database on a server OS. Thanks to the capabilities and features of such a platform, it is possible to avoid such problems with the correct settings. To do this, you don’t even need to purchase a server—standard cloud storage is enough.

We have looked at the main reasons for the lack of access to the 1C database; eliminating them does not require a lot of time - just a little patience and follow our instructions. If the above methods do not help, a more comprehensive and professional diagnosis of the current situation is required, it is better to seek the help of a system administrator.

zhora

29.04.11 — 13:34

8.2, Library of Standard Subsystems configured backup for 12 days.
At half past one I try to enter the database and it gives the message “ENTERPRISE /F”D:PATH” /CAllowUsers to Work/UC<Код разрешения>Can you tell me what permission code this is?

zhora

1 — 29.04.11 — 13:35

i.e. a message that the database is locked and to remove the lock (0)

mm_84

2 — 29.04.11 — 13:36

(1) enter the unlock code)

zhora

3 — 29.04.11 — 13:37

(2) where can I get it?

mm_84

4 — 29.04.11 — 13:47

(3) could have entered before it was blocked)

mm_84

5 — 29.04.11 — 13:48

reboot try the server

Cube

6 — 29.04.11 — 13:49

(3) Is the database file or client-server?

Cube

7 — 29.04.11 — 13:52

If the database is a file version, then look for the file 1Cv8.cdn in the database directory and delete it.

If the database is a server version, then open the database properties through the cluster console and remove the corresponding blocking flag.

zhora

8 — 29.04.11 — 15:03

(7) File option, Thank you, I deleted the 1Cv8.cdn file and everything worked.
Thanks again.

The user doesn't know what he wants until he sees what he gets.
E. Yodan

ATTENTION!

Error accessing file 1Cv8.cdn

Ctrl-F5 or Ctrl-R

The thread has been archived. Adding messages is not possible.
Every hour on the Magic Forum there are more 2000 Human.

KaRaMBbI4
ok, write me an email - there will be a key.

Kaber
7.7 does not support

capitannemo
In the advanced settings of the database itself, you can specify not to create an archive. You can specify this for all databases at once using the magic wand.

“When you finish it, make it possible to change %USERPROFILE% and %TEMP%” - that’s interesting. You are talking about the %temp% folder which 1C itself uses when updating the database. If yes, then the updater does not affect it in any way. Please write to me at helpme1c.box@gmailcom - more details on this issue, I have the key and implementation in the program.

error accessing file 1cv8.cdn windows 7

SubZero1977
So your task is to update from cf, right?

Option #1
1. in the advanced database settings, check the box "If possible, update from 1cv8.cf" of the latest version
2. put this cf in the update of its version, that is, if this cf is accounting version 2.0.3.5, then it should be placed in the templates folder, in the accounting update to 2.0.3.5, next to cfu

Option No. 2
Specify this cf directly through additional operations (to the right of the update button), the item “Run update from cfu (or cf) that I specify...”

Added:
Friends, I don’t just give out keys, please understand - otherwise I will be tortured with requests. I give the keys in gratitude for constructive ideas and suggestions for the development of the program.

Klerk.Ru > Enterprise automation > 1C > 1C error. Database file is missing

View full version: Error 1C. Database file is missing

Good evening. Problems with 1C, 3 hours ago everything worked well, but now it gives an error:

Platform: 1C:Enterprise 8.3 (8.3.4.465)
Configuration:
Mode: (no compression)
Application:
Localization: Information base: Russian (Russia), Session: Russian (Russia)
Interface option: Taxi

Errors:
———————————————————————————
15.07.2014 20:37:15
Infobase not found
because of:
Database file 'C:\Documents and Settings\User\My Documents\1C\Accounting/1Cv8.1CD' is missing

And when opening another infobase it gives an error:
The information base was not found.

Create a new one?
despite the fact that about 30 minutes ago everything opened.

Let the first database be ‘C:\Documents and Settings\User\My Documents\1C\Accounting

I'm in panic. Help.

get out of there slowly, but the faster the better

Angelica Nick

15.07.2014, 22:47

Anonymous, why such conclusions?

15.07.2014, 22:52

In the configurator, I always saved the database after each day (this is to be on the safe side), and then inserted it. Maybe your programmer has a copy.

15.07.2014, 22:58

Try it in the configurator, there is something about restoring the database.

Angelica Nick

16.07.2014, 00:05

AnonymousX, well, let's hope it's a copy, that is

16.07.2014, 01:44

We need a hacker - a “computer burglar”! 😎

I recently had the same nonsense, the antivirus blocked 1C as a malicious program. Look in your antivirus, I have a programmer who rules everything.

Old grumpy

16.07.2014, 10:28

In the configurator, I always saved the database after each day (this is to be on the safe side), and then inserted it. Maybe your programmer has a copy. What other programmer? a programmer would not put a database in this ‘C:\Documents and Settings\User\My Documents\1C\Accounting’.

mousey guivosils, :abuse:

16.07.2014, 11:20

Are you running the program on the same PC and under the same user?
In any case, try searching to find the 1Cv8.1CD file on your computer.

AnonymousSha

21.01.2017, 21:09

Colleagues, help!

The 1C file disappeared without a trace. A 1C specialist from the consulting company we work with couldn’t find the file using Team Viewer and washed his hands of it...

There is no administrator in the company. The 1C files were stored on one of the computers. Backups were not configured (no one knew this, so they themselves forcibly backed up to work at home if necessary and that’s all).

The chief accountant is not dealing with the problem (although she is about to submit VAT), and the director is also not taking any action.

There are suspicions that if the database is not restored (since no one seems to want to do this), someone will have to enter everything again (from the development of events it looks like I’m an ordinary drunk with a simple-to-average salary).

What assumptions and proposals will there be?

Please someone respond. I need work (but there’s so much of it - I can’t get up all day long, I work like a robot, and what if I have to restore it at the same time in a whole month).

Angelica Nick

22.01.2017, 00:05

What do you mean the file has disappeared? What did they do, who were they allowed on the computer? What error does it give?

22.01.2017, 09:51

look at the contents of the folder in Explorer
‘C:\Documents and Settings\User\My Documents\1C\Accounting’
what files are there now?
if this is the work of ransomware, then some files in this directory should have remained, because

1C 8.3: Error in access mode to database file 1cv8.1cd

ransomware does not delete files, but renames them and encrypts the contents

AnonymousSha

22.01.2017, 10:58

Angelica Nick,

It doesn't show any error. Before this, our 1C specialist (from a consulting company) connected to us via Team Viewer and tried to understand why 1C did not start from a new domain account on this computer. Those. It was launched from other accounts, but not from a new one. On my computer he was looking at our AccountingCORP folder and the file in it, looking to see if all the boxes were checked, then he went into Anti-Virus, he also wanted to check something, he was knocked out of Team Viewer, then he connected again and began to look further , and realized that the 1C file (1Cv8.1CD) had disappeared from the Accounting Corp folder, 1C tried to find it, but could not.
Our IT people from Germany have access to all the files, they write that they did nothing at this time and this is our problem.

Now the AccountingCORP folder has all the folders and files except this...(I can’t attach a print screen here)

There are folders 1, 1CHelpIndex, 1Cv8FTxt, 1Cv8JobScheduler, 1Cv8Log, 1Cv8Temp, and all 0 KB files: 1Cv8.1CD.cfl, 1Cv8.1CL.cfl, 1Cv8.cgr.cfl, 1Cv8tmp.1CD.cfl, 1Cv8tmp.1CL.c fl . Everything that is there.

On Monday I’ll be in the office, 1C is on my computer there (or rather, the AccountingCORP folder is visible on the network, it’s on the next computer).

23.01.2017, 11:06

this is strange, there is a service file 1Cv8.1CD.cfl, but the 1Cv8.1CD file itself with the database is not there
if it were an encryption virus, then other files with strange extensions would appear in the folder + the virus would begin to extort money for decrypting files

Powered by vBulletin® Version 4.2.1 Copyright 2018 vBulletin Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved. Translation: zCarot

vqwy

20.12.13 — 12:00

Total opinions: 3

In connection with the release of the ZUP for 1Cfresh (a letter arrived today), I wonder who has already plunged into the world of clouds, so to speak.
I tried a drink with fresh juice a long time ago for myself, I understood what it was and how, and I scored it. And clients are not thirsty. But this is in Predzazh0pinsk.
What is the situation in the country? otherwise, maybe everything is already “there”?

mikecool

1 — 20.12.13 — 12:01

I don't even know what this is

vqwy

2 — 20.12.13 — 12:02

Attempt1C

3 — 20.12.13 — 12:02

I offered it to a couple of clients, but they said they didn’t need it.

vqwy

4 — 20.12.13 — 12:03

(1) https://1cfresh.com/

vqwy

5 — 20.12.13 — 12:06

and how many reviews https://1cfresh.com/reviews?TriggerFilterRedirect#43

AndreyLan

6 — 20.12.13 — 12:15

"In connection with the release of the ZUP for 1Cfresh" Ibid:
Features of using the application:

The application was published primarily to familiarize users with the functionality of version 3.0, as well as the features and capabilities of working in the service version 8.3 of the 1C:Enterprise platform.
Keeping real records using this application is possible, but it should be taken into account that during the trial period the necessary settings are made in the application, so the functionality of the application may be temporarily limited.

Young 1Snow

7 — 20.12.13 — 12:23

(0) Offered to many of my clients. Nobody agreed.

5. KG/AM

Alexey

8 — 20.12.13 — 12:32

I tried it when it was free. In principle, it’s convenient and I confirm the reviews from (5). From what I didn’t like: 1. Web browsing and timeouts. The accountants complained that due to timeouts they had to constantly log in again. But today, as I understand it, this is solved using a thin client (previously there was no such option)

2. At the time of testing, there was no EDI functionality (exchange of documents with counterparties). I don’t know how now

3. Inability to connect your own additional processing / report. For security reasons, you must contact the competence center (in France with special status) and order processing from them.

Error accessing file 1cV8.cdn

They will write it and send it to 1C. They will check it and connect it. There is no question of any independent development, much less connection. And in conjunction with point 2, I had a problem loading documents from the operational database to the management database

In all other respects, the service has a right to life, and will find its clients

True, there is one BUT.

Saving won't work

Alexey

9 — 20.12.13 — 12:34

It's like with a telephone. You can install a landline and pay 150 rubles a month for it, or you can take a mobile phone and talk from anywhere, but it will be more expensive.

Same here

SuperGrid

10 — 20.12.13 — 12:38

like no fools? who would have thought.

Alexey

11 — 20.12.13 — 12:39

(10) no, like I was in the wrong forum. It’s like asking Lada owners on a forum if there are Mercedes drivers here. Or ask about 1C on the SAP forum

Alexey

12 — 20.12.13 — 12:42

You see, fresh is a slightly different level. Where there is fresh food, there is only an admin who changes the cartridge on the printer and that’s it. There are no 1C programmers there, because they are not needed there.
Accounting errors - support line, forum, French. And it's all free
Updates, backups - all this is handled by 1C. a fresh office is an office without 1C nicknames.

SuperGrid

13 — 20.12.13 — 12:47

(12) a typical office with visiting admins and remote 1c nicknames, of which there are hundreds of thousands.

Alexey

14 — 20.12.13 — 13:02

(13) so the point is that “coming 1s nikam” is superfluous in this equation

vqwy

15 — 20.12.13 — 13:29

(14) you are right, but not entirely - here on the forum there are not only programmers, but also consultants, “advisers”, 1C salespeople.

They are interested in their opinion. And the opinion of the French employees who are also here is interesting.

Yuwa

16 — 20.12.13 — 13:32

I don’t feel any demand for this. That's why I wasn't even seriously interested.

5. KG/AM

vqwy

17 — 20.12.13 — 13:34

(16) Well, I’m interested in the demand, thank you

Alexey

18 — 20.12.13 — 13:54

(15) and? Well, let's ask about 1C on the SAP forum
Once again, this is not their area, neither consultants nor advisors, much less 1C salespeople

Alexey

19 — 20.12.13 — 13:55

(16) Correct because you are a 1C nickname. Those. earn money and put an imperishable card and withdraw money for life for the service or give it completely to the fresh. That is the question
And naturally there will be no demand, why should I lose money?

Yuwa

20 — 20.12.13 — 13:57

(18)(19) You reason primitively

Alexey

21 — 20.12.13 — 13:58

(17) There is a demand, at least I always offer fresh juice as an alternative. Another question is that they are usually invited to places where a 1C nickname is needed, i.e. improvements to configs, processing. But fresh has difficulties with this. Therefore, there is no demand, not because there is none, but because you don’t know it. It’s still the same as asking a Lada repairman about selling Mercedes. Like, is there a demand for Mercedes?

Alexey

22 — 20.12.13 — 13:58

(20) I reason as it is

TurboConf 5 - expanding the capabilities of the 1C Configurator

ATTENTION! If you have lost the message input window, click Ctrl-F5 or Ctrl-R or the "Refresh" button in the browser.

The topic has not been updated for a long time and has been marked as archived. Adding messages is not possible.
But you can create a new thread and they will definitely answer you!
Every hour on the Magic Forum there are more All functions.

As you can see from the picture above, the Nomenclature Group has appeared, now you can start filling it out. It is very convenient to work with constants from the All Functions menu; the program regularly changes the location of some elements, but the All Functions reference book remains almost unchanged.

Temporarily disabled!



Did you like the article? Share with friends: